明代奉先殿建筑沿革与形制布局初探

On The Architectural Evolution and Arrangement of Ming-dynasty Fengxian Dian(Hall)

明代皇家祭祖宫殿外有太庙,内有奉先殿。二者功能同为祭祖,但各有侧重,太庙祭祖重在四时祭享,奉先殿则是皇帝与皇室成员的晨昏瞻谒之所。明代实行两京制度,在南、北两京皇宫内各建有一座奉先殿,南京奉先殿初创于洪武二年,永乐迁都北京之后,复建奉先殿于北京紫禁城,两京奉先殿并存。明清更替之际,两座奉先殿先后毁于战乱,其建筑形制遂不可考。祭祖活动既关乎人情,也关乎国家制度,奉先殿作为重要的皇家祭祖场所,梳理其历史沿革,追溯其形制布局的演变脉络,既可以考察明清宫廷祭祖制度,亦有助于了解紫禁城宫殿布局的变迁和规律。

Both the Imperial Ancestral Temple(Tai Miao) and the Hall of Ancestral Worship(Feng Xian Dian) once served as the special areas for the royal family to offer sacrifices to their ancestors, but each played a different role. In detail, the worshipping ceremony was held in the Imperial Ancestral Temple(Tai Miao) in spring, summer, autumn and winter each, the memorial service took place in the Hall of Ancestral Worship(Feng Xian Dian) in the morning or evening on every special occasion of the royal household whereas. In the Ming dynasty there were two capitals coexisting in Beijing and Nanjing respectively, both had the Hall of Ancestral Worship(Feng Xian Dian) in the imperial palaces. The Hall of Ancestral Worship(Feng Xian Dian) in Nanjing was constructed as early as the 2nd year of Hongwu regime while the Hall of Ancestral Worship(Feng Xian Dian) in Beijing was built up after Emperor Yongle moved the capital up to Beijing, they shared the name of Feng Xian Dian(Hall). Unfortunately, both of the Halls were ruined in the wars during dynasty subrogation from Ming to Qing, which consequently led to absence of the related historical materials regarding the architectural layout and arrangement of such grand imperial buildings in history. This thesis expects to get more ideas about the architectural reformation and arrangement of the imperial Forbidden City and the rules it followed via the study of the sacrificial system of the Ming-Qing imperial courts and the historical and architectural evolution of the Halls of Ancestral Worship(Feng Xian Dian).