野骆驼的研究和保护:现状与展望

Research and Conservation of Wild Camel: Present Status and Future Prospects

野骆驼Camelus ferun是亚洲中部对极端干旱环境具有高度适应性的珍稀濒危动物。自19世纪中期以来，野骆驼分布范围不断缩小，种群数量日渐减少。由于野骆驼生性机警，且在远离人迹、自然条件极端恶劣的荒漠、半荒漠地区分布等特点，野骆驼种群生态学、行为生态学基础研究较为缺乏，对其分类地位和进化关系仍有争论。除塔克拉玛干沙漠分布区外，其他分布区均已建立以野骆驼为主的保护区。2011～2013年间对库姆塔格沙漠地区进行了6次野外样线调查，分别观察到83、80、39、14、78、29峰野骆驼。其中阿尔金山北麓地区野骆驼分布最为集中，采矿活动集中的5～10月观察到的野骆驼数量明显少于其他季节（t=7．154，P〈0．05）。野骆驼分布区面临着道路建设、矿产开发以及畜牧业的发展等威胁，生境丧失和破碎化严重。人为干扰下野骆驼异质种群动态及其对破碎化生境的响应是急需研究的科学问题。

Wild camel is a critically endangered species with high adaptability in the extreme arid environments of central Asia. The population and distribution areas of wild camel were significantly decreased from the middle of the 19th century. Research on wild camel was difficult since this cryptic species was mainly distributed in arid and semiarid areas. There are great knowledge gaps concerning the ecology of the wild camels. The genetic status and the homozygosity of wild camel populations have not been satisfactorily resolved and the preliminary results should to be prudently used. Three of the subpopulations except Taklamakan Desert subpopulation were effectively protected. Additionally, China and Mongolia had implemented program on captive populations. Six field surveys were conducted in Kumtag desert from 2011 to 2013, and the observed individual and population of wild camel were recorded to evaluate the impact of human disturbance. In recent years, the mineral activity, road construction and livestock development have been increased and therefore caused habitat loss and fragmentation of wild camel population. It＇s urgent to focus on metapopulation dynamic of wild camels and their response to habitat fragmentation under human disturbance.