北京话旁称代词的历时嬗变(1750—1950)(上)

The Historical Evolution of Referral Pronouns in Beijing Dialect(1750—1950)(Ⅰ)

自18世纪中叶到20世纪中叶,北京话旁称代词系统在句法、语义上呈现出了比较明显的发展变化,这种发展变化在三个时期的三部典型的北京话文献《红楼梦》《儿女英雄传》《正红旗下》中得到了充分的反映。就旁称代词系统而言,历时嬗变的发生轨迹是:由18世纪中叶的"别人、人家、别人家、他人、旁人"阵容切换到了19世纪中叶的"人家、别人、他人、旁人"阵容,并最终切换到了20纪中叶的"别人、人家"阵容,期间的此消彼长、删汰整合昭然。就旁称代词个体而言,历时嬗变的发生轨迹是:1."别人"由18世纪的炙热到19世纪的没落,再到20世纪的重新走强;2".人家"由18世纪的初露锋芒到19世纪的首度大大超越"别人"而一枝独秀,再到20世纪与"别人"的平分天下;3".他人"这个曾经在相当长的时段内的旁称代词家族的宠儿由18世纪的颓势已现到19世纪的英雄末路,直至20世纪的难觅踪影;4.不温不火一路走来的"旁人"由18世纪的衰落到19世纪的走向没落,直至20世纪的淡出我们的视线;5.产生于元代的"别人家"由18世纪的衰弱到19世纪的没落,直至20世纪的只留存在部分方言中而在北京话中彻底消亡。

From mid-18th century to mid-20th century, the referral pronoun system of Beijing dialect underwent noticeable changes in terms of syntax and semantics, which was fully embodied by three novels written in typical Beijing dialect of three different periods, namely Dream of Red Mansions, Legend of Heroes, and Running on Empty. The referral pronoun system evolved in history as follows： the pronouns of ＂bieren, renjia, bierenjia, taren, and pangren＂ used in the mid-18th century first changed into the pronouns of ＂renjia, bieren, taren, and pangren＂ used in the mid-19th century, and ultimately became the pronouns of ＂bieren and renjia＂ popular in the 20th century, which demonstrated an obvious process of shifting, selection and integration. In terms of particular referral pronouns, the historical evolution took place as follows： 1. the hot pronoun of ＂bieren＂ in the 18th century became obsolete in the 19th century but regained its popularity in the 20th century;2. ＂renjia＂ became popular in the 18th century and was the single popular referral pronoun by overwhelming the use of ＂bieren＂ in the 19th century, but the 20th century witnessed the equal wide use of both ＂renjia＂ and ＂bieren＂;3. ＂taren＂ remained a favored referral pronoun for a long period of time, but its popularity declined in the 18th century and the word became obsolete in the 19th century and disappeared from the referral pronouns system in the 20th century;4. ＂pangren＂, a lukewarmly popular pronoun, turned unpopular in the 18th century, became obsolete in the 19th century, and faded out of use in the 20th century;5. ＂bierenjia＂ first appeared in the Yuan Dynasty, and the popularity of this pronoun declined in the 18th century and the word became obsolete in the 19th century, and the pronoun still exist in several Chinese dialects in the 20th century but has disappeared completely from Beijing dialect.