境界与觉解——冯友兰境界与觉悟理论述略

A Brief Discussion on Feng Youlan's Realm and Awareness Theory

一般认为,冯友兰将理学概念转变为逻辑概念,超越但不内在了。但是冯友兰的目标在于对"宇宙""大全"的把握,在此基础上使人的境界有一个根本的提升。但是对宇宙、大全把握之前必须对其有一个"性理"的确认,这两者互为表里。其目的在于通过"共相"抽象、超象的认识,超越个体对感性存在的执著,使人获得对自身在社会及宇宙中的确证,这个过程本身必然也必须内蕴道德直觉对形上学的参与。冯友兰将人的觉悟归结到灵明知觉的发展,他的问题在于"灵明知觉"本身有强烈的认识心的色彩,但是他在对"大我"的追寻与确证中自觉不自觉地修正了前述认识,实际肯认了道德自我的发展进程,但是他的根本进路既不纯粹是程朱式也不是陆王式,而是借助西学成为儒释道的混合体,在"成相"和"扫相"的矛盾中使人既看到观念认识的局限性,又看到观念认识及其超越在一定程度上也可能成为个体精神修养的一种路向。

It is generally acknowledged that Feng Youlan changes the Neo-Confucianism concept into logic concept, which appears to be extrinsic, though in a much better form.However, the ultimate goal of Feng Youlan＇s efforts is to have a good mastery of the universe, from which the realm of man is supposed to be greatly promoted.It is of vital importance to identify the“universal law” before the mastery of the universe.Moreover, they are complementary to each other to form an integral part, aiming to refrain from the attachment of perceptual existence through an abstract understanding of“universalia”, so as to make a self confirmation in the society and the universe.On the course of this confirmation, there embodies the participation of moral intuition in metaphysics.Feng Youlan believes that the consciousness of man attributes to the spiritual perception development. However, the proposition of spiritual perception is by its nature featured in a strong mind understanding.In his pursuit and confirmation of “the universing self”, Feng Youlan has revised the previous ideas in a conscious or unconscious manner, which truly accepts the moral self-development.Fundamentally, his proposition is neither Cheng-Zhu-styled nor Lu-Wang-styled, but a combination of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism with the help of western classics.According to him, in the contradiction between conceptualization and disconceptualization, not only the limitation, but also the advantage of being a route for personal moral cultivation of idea understanding can be perceived.