多维度的选举权——基于霍菲尔德权利理论的一个分析

The Dimensions of the Right to Vote ：An Analysis within the Framework of Hohfeld＇s Theory of Rights

选举权包含多种法规范上的地位和关系，可看作一个有关选举的权利束。按照霍菲尔德的权利理论，可以从权力、自由、豁免和求四个维度来理解选举权。在权力维度上，选举权意味着对授权和代表关系的法律控制力，选民行使选举权的结果便是授权和代表关系的形成、变动和消灭。在自由维度上，选举权意味着个人有权自由地行使选举权力，不受国家、组织和他人的干涉。在豁免维度上，选举权意味着公民有不受约束的选举自由，国家没有不当干预选举自由的权力。求维度的选举权与其他维度的选举权紧密相连，它以选举权之权力、自由和豁免三素为主张对象，在一定意义上，其他维度的选举权只有与求维度的选举权结合起来，才能变得更有力、更具有可实现性。

The right to vote is a bundle of rights about voting and contains several kinds of legal position and relation. Within the framework of Hohfeld＇s theory of rights, the right to vote can be seen as a right with four dimensions, namely a right of power, liberty, immunity and claim. The right to vote as a power means a legal controlling power about delegation and representation. Voters＇ exercising the right of voting power will result in an establishment, a variation or an elimination of delegation and representation. The right to vote as a liberty means that individuals have the right of exercising voting power freely without interference from the State, organizations and other persons. The right to vote as an immunity means that citizens have the right to free elections and the State has no power of interfering free elections. The right to vote as a claim is related with the other dimensions of the right to vote. It is a right of claim about the power, freedom and immunity of voting. In some sense, it is a guarantee of the other dimensions of the right to vote.