回鹘语印度之名ntkk考——兼论汉文“印特伽”、蒙文enetkeg、藏文endkg

On ntkk: the Uyghur Name of India

元明时期的回鹘佛教文献称印度为ntkk,系伊朗语称谓hinduk的中亚变体——粟特语'yntk'k的回鹘语译写形式,并非源自吐火罗语Yentukemne。而汉文佛教文献所见"印特伽"则为粟特语印度称谓'yntk'k的主格形式'yntk'w的汉文音译形式。回鹘语ntkk亦见于蒙藏文献中,其在语音结构上的统一性,反映了元明时期以敦煌为中心的东西佛教文化交流和语言接触的一个侧面。

The origin of anatkak, the Uyghur form of the name of India, has long been the focus of manylinguists. The name anatkak etymologically identifies not with the TocharianYentukemne but with Sogdian＇yntk＇k the Central Asian form of the Iranian name hynduk. 印特伽, which occurs in Chinese classicBuddhist works, is the Chinese equivalent of the Sogdian ＇yntk＇w, a nominative form of the Sogdian nameof India. Several variation of the name anatkak are also observed in Mongolian and Tibetan sources and thephonetic unity of these names in Uyghur, Mongolian and Tibetan is presumably ascribed to the translationactivities of Buddhist works during the Yuan Dynasty and Ming Dynasty periods in Dunhuang -- the centreof the then Buddhism between the east and the west.