三峡库区污染物总量分配的公平性评估

Assessment of Equity in Total Pollutant Load Allocation in Three Gorges Reservoir Area

利用基尼系数对三峡库区污染物总量分配方案进行人口、GDP和水资源量等3个指标的公平性评估。175m和145m水位化学需氧量和氨氮的总量分配方案，在流域层次，计算结果在0．140～0．371之间，均在警戒范围0．4以下，分配方案公平合理；在长江干流控制单元层次，计算结果在0．393～0．578之间，超出警戒范围，公平性稍差。由于三峡库区是中国重要的战略淡水资源库，也是重要的生态敏感区，保障其水环境安全是库区环境保护工作的首要目标，只有在确保水质安全的前提下，基于公平和效率的分配才有意义。此套总量分配方案在流域层次保证了资源在三峡库区内公平合理分配，有利于区域经济的协调发展；在长江干流控制单元层次为保障水环境安全，实现控制单元的水环境管理目标，不以公平为主要目的进行总量分配也是被认可和接受的。

Equity of total pollutant load allocation schemes in Three Gorges Reservoir area was assessed by using Gini coefficient with three indices including population, GDP and water resource quantity. At regional level, COD and ammonia nitrogen at water levels of 175 and 145 m were calculated to be 0.140-0.371, which were below the alarming threshold of 0.4, indicating the total load allocation scheme was equal and reasonable. At the level of Yangtze River main-stream control units, the calculations were 0.393 -0.578, which exceeded the alarming threshold, indicating low equity. Three Gorges Reservoir area is a strategic freshwater resource dam and a key ecological sensitive area in China. Therefore, the prior target in environmental protection there is to guarantee water quality safety. The allocation based on equity and efficiency can be meaningful only under the premise of guaranteeing water quality gafety. This total load allocation scheme guarantees the equal and efficient resource allocation throughout Three Gorges Reservoir area at the regional level, and thus will contribute to the harmonious development of regional economy. At the level of main-stream control units, in order to guarantee water quality safety, it is also approved and accepted to allocate total load not mainly based on equity.