野禽禽流感病毒监测概述

An Overview of Surveillance of Avian Influenza Viruses in Wild Birds

野禽(主要是雁形目和鸻形目)被认为是禽流感病毒的天然宿主。北美和欧洲自二十世纪七十年代后陆续开展野禽禽流感病毒的监测。研究发现从野鸭和滨鸟及鸥类能分离到所有HA和NA亚型的禽流感病毒,而且野禽中禽流感病毒与家禽和人感染禽流感病毒的疫情密切相关。因而野禽禽流感病毒对家禽养殖业和人类健康构成了极大的威胁。本文将从禽流感病毒在野禽、家禽和人群中的传播、全球野禽禽流感病毒监测的主要结果以及监测方法、采样类型和检测方法进行归纳总结,以期能帮助我们更好地了解野禽禽流感病毒的生态分布和流行规律,从而使我们更为有效地预防和控制禽流感,应对未来可能出现的流感大流行。

Wild birds （mainly Anseriformes and Charadriiformes） are recognized as the natural reservoir of avian influenza viruses （AIVs）. The long-term surveillance of AIVs in wild birds has been conducted in North America and Europe since 1970s. More and more surveillance data revealed that all the HA and NA subtypes of AIVs were identified in the wild ducks, shorebirds, and gulls, and the AIVs circulating in wild birds were implicated in the outbreaks of AIVs in poultry and humans. Therefore, the AIVs in wild birds pose huge threat to poultry industry and human health. To gain a better understanding of the ecology and epidemiology of AIVs in wild birds, we summarize the transmission of AIVs between wild birds, poultry, and humans, the main results of surveillance of AIVs in wild birds worldwide and methods for surveillance, and the types of samples and detection methods for AIVs in wild birds, which would be vital for the effective control of avian influenza and response to possible influenza pandemic.