民族学实践：在巴西奴隶后裔社区开展的田野调查

The Ethnographic Practice : Fieldwork in a Brazilian Community of Slave Descendants

本文作者通过对马拉尼昂州的一个黑人群落进行走访调查,并结合当地的文献资料和口述史,对"逃奴堡"群落成员后裔的"身份建构"进行了深入的研究;同时,从历史的视角出发,对"逃奴堡"一词的历史沿革和其涵盖内容提出了自己的看法。作者认为,无论是"逃奴堡"一词的诞生,还是其被"重新语义化",都是为了适应当代非裔巴西人口的发展要求。在当今的学术语境下,"逃奴堡"指代的不仅是巴西地区黑奴反抗奴隶制的历史,更是在新政治秩序下需要被关注的一个课题。因此就概念厘定而言,"逃奴堡"是奴隶制颠覆者和革命者共同渴望自由的表现形式,展现了黑人在一个由白人统治的社会中的动员和组织能力。

Quilombo is a Brazilian hinterland settlement founded by people of African origins, including the Quilombolas, or Maroons. Most of the inhabitants of Quilombos, or Quilombolas, used to be escaped slaves. The word ＂Quilombo＂ was not coined until 1670s and was used primarily in southern parts of Brazil. The author of this article investigates a rural black community of Maranhao （ Brazil}, and studies the identity of the reminiscences of Quilombos. He opines that the Quilombos should be regarded not only as a national manifestation of the fights against slavery, but also as a true project of a new political order. The Quilombos became manifestation of the collective desires for freedom, subversion and revolution.