张居正的蒙古观及其实践

On Zhang Juzheng's Viewpoint on Mongol and Its Practical Enforcement

洪武、永乐之后,如何应对北部蒙古问题,明朝始终未能找到良策。在对抗屡屡无效后,和解便成为唯一的选择。在这一政策大调整中,张居正辅助高拱,并在穆宗的支持下,在隆庆后期与俺答汗实现了和解,有效缓解了蒙古对北京的直接威胁,但"俺答封贡"并没有真正解决明蒙关系中的固有矛盾。对土蛮等势力,张居正重复着嘉隆时期对俺答汗的态度,拒绝通贡和好,致使其不断侵扰辽东,同时听任俺答部向西移动,破坏着甘肃镇的防御体系,造成了明朝东北、西北两大区域民族格局的重大变化。

After the Hongwu(洪武) and Yongle(永乐) periods,the Ming Dynasty could not find an effective policy to deal with Mongols in the north.When all military struggles and political confrontation failed to bring about peace,reconciliation became the only choice.During the course of this big adjustment of policy,Zhang Juzheng(张居正) assisted the counselor Gao Gong(高拱),under the support of emperor Muzong(穆宗),to achieve a peaceful arrangement with Anda Khan(俺答汗),temperarily and partly relieved the pressure of the northern border defence,and effectively removed the direct threat to Beijing by the Mongols.But 'Anda Khan's receiving Utiles and paying tributes ' did not really solve all the problems between the Ming dynasty and Mongols.To the Tuman(土蛮) tribes,Zhang Juzheng continued the old policy to refuse their paying tribute,leading to their constant infest in Liaodong(辽东) region,in the meanwhile allowing Anda Khan to move westward,resulted in the damage to the defence system of Gansu(甘肃).So the powers of ethnicities changed in both the northeast and northwest frontiers.