施肥对蔬菜产量的影响——以寿光市设施蔬菜为例

Effects of fertilizer application on greenhouse vegetable yield: A case study of Shouguang City

以寿光市具有代表性的51个设施大棚为研究对象，通过问卷调查的方法分析了化肥施用对蔬菜产量的影响、有机肥施用与增产的关系、施肥量的影响因素和演变规律等．结果表明：寿光市设施大棚周年投入肥料养分平均为N3338kg·hm^-2、P2051710kg·hm^-2、K2O3446kg·hm^-2，是当地小麦-玉米轮作种植模式的6～14倍，其中，化肥投入的氮、磷、钾量分别约占总量的35％、49％和42％．化肥投入的氮、磷、钾量对蔬菜产量没有显著影响，有机肥投入对蔬菜表现出明显的增产效果．随大棚棚龄的增加，化肥氮、磷、钾的投入量没有显著的变化，有机肥投入量明显降低．蔬菜种植种类、模式和大棚棚龄的差异是导致大棚养分投入量差异大的原因之一．近十几年来，寿光市设施大棚蔬菜有机肥养分投入量明显增加，化肥氮和磷的投入量呈现下降趋势，化肥钾的投入量增加显著，氮、磷、钾养分投入比例日趋合理．

Data collected from 51 representative greenhouses of Shouguang through questionnaire survey were analyzed to investigate the effect of chemical fertilizers on vegetable yield, relationship between application of organic manure and yield, and influence factors and evolution rule of fertili- zer application rate. The results showed that averages of 3338 kg N · hm^-2, 1710 kg P2O5·hm^-2, 3446 kg K2O · hm^-2 were applied to greenhouse vegetables annually in Shouguang, 6-14 times as that in the local wheat-maize rotation system. The application rates of chemical N, P, and K ferti- lizers accounted for about 35% , 49% and 42% of the total input. Increasing application of chemi- cal fertilizers had no significant effect on v increased the vegetable yields. With the egetable yields, while organic manure input significantly increase of greenhouse cultivating time, no significant changes in the input of chemical N, P, and K fertilizers were observed in greenhouse vegetable pro- duction while organic manure input decreased significantly. Differences in vegetable species, plan- ting pattern and cultivating time of greenhouses was one of the reasons for large variations in nutrient application rate. In recent more than ten years, organic manure nutrient input increased significant- ly, chemical N and P fertilizer input presented a downward trend, chemical K fertilizer input in- creased significantly, and the N/P/K ratio became more and more reasonable in greenhouse vegeta- ble production in Shouguang.