修剪措施对杨桃新梢生长及开花结果的影响

Effects of pruning on shoots growth,blooming and fruit-bearing of Averrhoa carambola

为了解杨桃对各种整形修剪措施的响应,以大棚栽培的马来西亚1号甜杨桃为试验材料,于5～9月研究回缩、短截、疏枝、拉枝对杨桃芽体萌发、新梢生长及开花的影响.结果表明：5～7月回缩、短截后侧芽萌发率达到40％～50％,5月中旬回缩和7月中旬短截后发出的新梢80％可当年开花,而7月中旬回缩、疏大枝后萌发的强枝仅有35％左右可当年开花.回缩、疏枝处理能显著提高单果重和果实硬度,而短截处理能显著提高果实硬度.9月上旬采取拉枝措施可以极显著地促使直立枝开花,开花枝条比率较对照提高60％.因此,杨桃不宜修剪过于频繁,对于确需修剪的大棚杨桃,应选择5月进行回缩,适当抹除侧芽和不定芽,疏除弱枝、阴枝;7月后应以适度短截、抹芽、疏除弱枝为主;9月上旬采用拉枝方法促进直立枝开花.合理修剪后杨桃树体光照条件及营养状况得到改善,果实品质明显提高.

In order to understand the responses of Averrhoa carambola to various shaping and pruning measures, effects of retractive pruning, short cutting, branch thinning, branch bending on buds germination, shoots growth and blooming were studied with Malaysia sweet carambola No.l cultivated in plastic greenhouse as test material from May to September. Results showed that the lateral bud germination rate reached 40%-50% after the carambola were retractive pruned or short cut from May to July, and 80% of the new shoots that germinated after retractive pruned in mid-May or short cut in mid-July could come into blossom in that year, while only about 35% of the strong branches that germinated after retractive pruned or thinned in mid-July could be in blossom in that year. Retractive pruning and branch thinning could increase single fruit weight and the fruit firmness significantly, and short cutting could improve the fruit firmness significantly. Branch bending in early September could prompt erect branches to bloom extremely significantly, of which the blossom rate was 60% higher than that of the control. Accordingly, it was not suitable to prune the carambola too frequently, and for those that really need prune in the plastic greenhouse, retractive pruning should be carried out in May with removing lateral buds, adventitious buds, weak shoots and shaded branches properly. Priority should be given to short cut, remove buds and weak shoots moderately after July, and to bend branches for prompting erect branches to bloom in early September. After reasonable pruned, fruit quality has improved remarkably due to the improvement of carambola tree＇s light conditions and nutritional status.