秦汉行政惩罚机制

On the Administrative Punishment System in the Qin and Han Dynasties

秦汉行政法不仅规定了行政工作的职责和行政规范,对行政违法和失职的犯罪行为也有明确的规定,从犯罪形式上讲有赃罪、诈伪罪、擅为罪、稽缓罪、失职罪、失误罪等行为,从犯罪的内容上讲,涉及政治犯罪、职官犯罪、财政经济犯罪、司法审判犯罪、边防与军事犯罪、社会治安犯罪等行政工作内容的方方面面的行为。根据行政机关及其工作人员的行政犯罪行为的性质、情节及社会危害程度,规定了谇、笞等教诫刑,赀、罚金、赔偿、赎等财产刑,夺爵、夺劳、负算、免职、废职等权力刑,黥、劓、斩左止、斩右止、腐、耐、髡等耻辱刑,城旦舂、鬼薪白粲、隶臣妾、司寇、候、迁等劳役刑,磔、腰斩、弃市、枭首等死刑,行政处罚和刑事处罚交互为用,把行政惩罚与权力、责任和利益统一起来。依法规定了告劾、案验、鞫讯、判决、执行等行政惩罚的程序,对检举揭发的行政犯罪行为进行认真核实,判决做到过罚相当。秦汉行政惩罚机制对行政违法失职者起到了惩戒、预防、教育的作用,增强了官吏责任感,维护了公共利益,保障了人民权益,使社会经济和社会生活正常有序进行。

The administrative regulations of the Qin and Han Dynasties stipulate not only the duties and norms of administration, but also the crimes of illegal administration and negligence. Specifically, it involves corruption, perjury, action without authorization, delay, negligence, and mistaking deeds from the perspective of crime forms, and political crime, officials＇ crime, economic crime, judicial crime, military crime, social security crime and other crimes related with administration from the perspective of crime contents. According to the nature, detail, and damage of crimes committed by the administrative offices and their staff, it can be divided into the following sentences. First, instruction sentence such as scolding and whipping. Second, property sentence such as fine, compensation, and redemption. Third, power sentence such as deprivation of rank and post, no promotion. Fourth, humiliation sentence such as branding the face, cutting the nose, cutting the foot, castration, shaving temples and hair. Fifth, labor sentence such as building the walls and grinding the rice, cutting firewood and preparing meal for gods and evils, serving as a slave, defending the enemy, and exile. Sixth, death sentence such as dismemberment, waistcutting, execution in public, decapitation. By the means of combining administrative punishment and criminal punishment, the former is closely related with power, duty, and interest. At the same time, the procedures of administrative punishment are also stipulated. Therefore, the administrative punishment system can punish, prevent, and instruct those who administrate illegally, which enhance the officials＇ responsibility and protect pulic interest in order to make the society and economy develop with the right order.