过度训练综合症的预防、诊断和治疗

Prevention,Diagnosis,and Treatment of the Overtraining Syndrome

成功的训练不仅涉及到过负荷,同时必须避免大量过负荷练习与不充分恢复相结合。运动员可经历短期运动成绩下降。这一功能性过量训练在恢复后,可提高运动成绩。当训练和恢复之间平衡被破坏,可发生非功能性的过量训练(NFOR)。区分NFOR和过度训练综合症非常困难(OTS),取决于临床结果和排除诊断。诊断OTS的关键词是"延长性的不良适应",以及生物、神经生化和激素调节上的机制。普遍认为OTS症状比NFOR严重,如疲劳、成绩下降、情绪障碍。尽管目前没有单一的标志物可检测OTS,定期监测运动成绩、生理、生化、免疫和心理上的指标可能是最好的策略:发现不能够应对训练应激的运动员。

Successful training not only must involve overload but also must avoid the combination of excessive overload plus inadequate recovery.Athletes can experience short-term performance decrement.This functional overreaching will eventually lead to an improvement in performance after recovery.When athletes do not sufficiently respect the balance between training and recovery,nonfunctional overreaching （NFOR）can occur.The distinction between NFOR and overtraining syndrome （OTS）is very difficult and will depend on the clinical outcome and exclusion diagnosis.The athlete will often show the same clinical,hormonal,and other signs and symptoms.A keyword in the recognition of OTS might be “prolonged maladaptation “not only of the athlete but also of several biological,neurochemical,and hormonal regulation mechanisms.It is generally thought that symptoms of OTS, such as fatigue,performance decline,and mood disturbances,are more severe than those of NFOR.Although no single marker can be taken as an indicator of impending OTS ,the regular monitoring of a combination of performance,physiological,biochemical,immunological,and psychological variables would seem to be the best strategy to identify athletes who are failing to cope with the stress of training.