明清时期海南地区疫灾探略

A Study on Epidemic Disasters during the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Hainan

明清时期海南地区至少在53个年份中发生过疫灾,疫灾频度约为9.74%,光绪—宣统时期是疫灾多发时段,疫灾主要发生在夏秋时节,有鼠疫、霍乱、天花、疫痢等病症,琼山、澄迈、儋州、临高等地是疫灾多发地区。琼州府北部地区发生疫灾的次数高于南部地区,西线地区高于东线地区,中部山区疫灾较少。医治、施药、避疫与建醮禳灾是救治疫灾的常用措施,该时期整个海南社会的疫灾救疗呈现出一种临事性救治的特征。

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Hainan experienced epidemic disasters at least 53 times, and the frequency of the epidemic disasters was about 9.74%. The disasters happened mainly in Guangxu - Xu- antong period, and often in summer and autumn. The epidemic diseases mainly contained plagues, cholera, smallpox and dysentery. Epidemics prevailed largely in Qiongshan, Chengmai, Danzhou and Lingao. Epidemic disasters occurred more in northern Qiongzhou than in the southern region, more in the western region than the eastern region, and less in the central mountains. Therapy, drug treatment, prevention, and prayer were com monly used to treat the epidemic disasters, and those treatments showed the characteristics of temporary treatment in Hainan at that time.