早期国家理论与秦汉聚落形态研究——兼议宫崎市定的“中国都市国家论”

Early State Theory and Research on Qin and Han Settlement Patterns——On Miyazaki Ichisada's Theory of City-states in Ancient China

秦汉文献中的"聚"或"聚落"等概念不能等同于现代考古学意义上的"聚落"。汉代城邑是在三代特别是战国时代城邑基础上修缮和发展起来的,其中约二分之一集中于黄河中下游地区。中国古代聚落形态自商周以来就是城邑与"聚落"的共生并存,在秦汉强化乡里体制过程中,散在性的聚落以自然状态纳入国家行政系统。秦汉帝国对城乡社会的控制并不是通过有形的城郭实现的,在"大一统"专制体制下,国家不仅借助乡里组织和法律的严防牢笼社会成员,而且通过道德"城郭"控制人们的心理。宫崎市定用古代邑国与汉代乡聚亭地望上的重合论证汉代的乡聚亭都筑有城郭,进而得出中国上古经历过"都市国家"发展阶段的结论不能成立。

The concepts of ju( 聚) or juluo( 聚落), etc. in Qin and Han documents cannot be equated with the juluo( settlement) of modern archaeology. Han dynasty cities were rebuilt and developed on the basis of those built during the three dynasties, especially those of the Warring States. Half of them were concentrated in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. Settlement patterns in ancient China involved the coexistence of cities and juluo from the Shang and Zhou dynasties on. In the process of consolidating Qin and Han rural administration, the scattered juluo were brought under the state administrativesystem in their natural condition. In the Qin and Han dynasties, control of urban and rural society was not realized through tangible city walls. Under the autocratic system of' great unity'( 大一统), the government used rural organizations and severe laws to constrain members of society and moral 'city walls' to control their minds. Miyazaki Ichisada used the fact that ancient city-states coincided with pavilions where rural elites gathered( xiang ju ting 乡聚亭) to prove that such pavilions were within city walls under the Han,and thence concluded that ancient China had gone through a ' city-states' stage. This conclusion is untenable.