龚自珍和魏源的舆地学研究

The Geographical Researches of Gong Zizhen and Wei Yuan

龚自珍和魏源站在传统中国的前列,以今文经学经世致用,倡导变革现实,究心边徼舆地学,主张移民实边进行国家建设,回应社会和时代的双重危机,其中的边疆建设事关全局。龚自珍"天地东南西北之学"包含了西北陆地边疆和东南沿海海疆,魏源进一步明确了西北陆地边疆的历史空间涵盖了东北、蒙古、新疆和西藏地区,东南海疆的历史空间涵盖了从辽东到海南岛的沿海地区。魏源同时并重的塞防和海防历史空间涵盖了西北陆地边疆和东南沿海海疆,提出"师夷长技以制夷"的卫国方略。正是在鸦片战争所导致全面爆发的边疆危机背景下,"龚魏"倡导西北陆地边疆轴向和东南沿海海疆轴向的互动,开启了近代边疆史地学,事关近代中国前途和中华民族整体的历史命运。

Standing foremost in traditional China,Gong Zizhen and Wei Yuan advocated realistic reforms on the basis of the Confucian New Text school of practical statesmanship and devoted themselves to studies of frontier geography.They proposed sending immigrants to consolidate the frontier and carry out national construction in response to the twin crises of society and the age.Among these proposals,that on fortifying the frontier was the key to the whole situation.Gong Zizhen's'Study of Heaven,Earth,North,South,East and West'covers the northwest frontier and the southeast coastal frontier.Wei Yuan went a step further,indicating thathistorically,the northwest land frontier extended over the northeast,Mongolia,Xinjiang and Tibet and the southeast coastal frontiers comprised the coastal areas from Liaodong to Hainan Island.Wei Yuan laid equal stress on the historical space occupied by land frontier defenses in the northwest and maritime frontier defenses in the southeast,putting forward the defensive strategy of'learning the barbarians' superior techniques in order to control them.' Against the background of the full scale frontier crisis triggered by the Opium Wars,the interaction between the axes of the northwest and southeast frontiers proposed by Gong and Wei opened up the field of geographical and historical research on Chinese frontiers in modern China.