违实条件句的类型学研究

A Typological Research Towards Counterfactual Conditionals

本文认为汉语虽然缺乏违实形态标记,但仍存在违实思维与违实句。本文首先对违实条件句给出定义,并对汉语中三种不同类型的违实条件句进行描写分析,在此基础上指出汉语违实句与过去时之间的关联,接着列举与分析几种不同语言的违实标记。最后文章总结汉语属于过去时违实语言,但与其他此类语言不同,过去时在汉语中并未发展成为虚时态。由于汉语缺乏形式特征,过去时很难语法化为违实标记。

This paper holds the opinion that although lacking unique markers for counterfactuals, Chinese indeed has counterfactual thoughts as well as expressions. Based on the definition of counterfactual conditionals, this paper lists three different types of counterfactual conditionals in Chinese for analysis of the relationship between the past tense and counterfactuality. Besides, samples from other languages are also collected to discuss the relationship between the temporal markers and counterfactuality. Based on the above analysis, we conclude that Chinese belongs to the past- tense-counterfactuality language although the tense is not fake. Past tense cannot be grammaticalized into counterfac- tual markers because of the isolating characteristics of Chinese.