现代中国多民族国家策略——“民族”识别的历史动因探源

The Strategy of Multinational Country in Modern China——The Exploration for the Historical Reason of minzu Recognition

以云南地区的多元和多样性表现为例探讨现代中国多民族国家的策略和历史境遇。通过梳理中国历史上民族国家策略的历史进程,发现中国近现代历史中国民党和共产党在民族国家策略上的差异,以及现代中国'民族'识别的出现,是中国深远的历史情境中的一个必然结果,亦是中国共产党建立现代国家与各民族达成共识的基本路径。

The Chinese Communist Party( CCP) launched a nationwide census and voter registration campaign in the summer of 1953. After debating which questions should be posed to their nearly six hundred million respondents,officials ultimately decided upon only five. The first four of these involved the most basic of demographic information,including name,age,gender,and relationship to the head of one' s household. The fifth one was settled upon a question: that of nationality or minzu. The outcome of the census proved shocking to Communist authorities and ultimately precipitated the Ethnic Classification Project. Why the Communists wished to include minzu on the census schedule? The author argues that there were three reasons. The first reason is the deeply historical problem of maintaining the territorial integrity of a highly diverse empire. The second problem is more proximate,and originates in the ongoing rivalry between the Communists and the Nationalists during the first half of the twentieth century. Third,with regards to categorization,the advent of the Classification is attributable to a political crisis prompted by the failure of the state' s initial experiment with a highly noninterventionist policy of self- categorization. To understand each of these questions,the author brings the readers to explore the history of the term minzu itself,and suggests that the very inclusion of minzu in the 1953- 54 census schedule was itself the culmination of a complex history dating back to the fall of the Qing dynasty( 1644-1911) and the formation of the first Chinese republic.