实践转向与中国当代现实主义

Practice Steering and Contemporary Realism of China

现实主义在中国当代美学和文艺理论中具有不可忽视的地位,但是在相当长的时期内现实主义被异化了。现实主义的含义不是单一的,它既指一种文艺创作方法,也指一种文艺流派、思潮,还指一种文艺创作精神。从创作方法来看,现实主义创作方法源远流长,可以说是与人类的艺术生产的产生是同步的,但是真正确立这种创作方法的应该是马克思主义的"现代实践转向",并且把它命名为"莎士比亚化"。从文艺流派和思潮来看,现实主义历经了古希腊罗马的古典现实主义,19世纪中期的批判现实主义,20世纪初的革命现实主义,中期的社会主义现实主义,末期的无边的现实主义等发展阶段,而只是在"现代实践转向"过程中现实主义流派和思潮才明确地发展起来,同时在"后现代实践转向"中逐步多元化,成为与现代主义和后现代主义文艺流派和思潮相抗衡的强大流派和思潮。从文艺创作精神来看,现实主义是永恒的,因为文艺永远不可能脱离社会现实生活,永远在社会实践之中进行恒新恒异的创造。因此,中国当代美学和文艺理论仍然应该坚持现实主义精神,鼓励现实主义的创作方法和流派、思潮,实现"百花齐放,百家争鸣",植根于社会生活和社会实践。

Realist position cannot be ignored in Chinese contemporary aesthetics and literary theory,but realism has been alienated in a fairly long period. Realism is not a single meaning. It refers to a method and a spirit of literary creation as well as a school of literary. From the creative method,realist creation has a long history synchronized with the human artistic production,but was really established by Marxism＂modern practice steering＂and named ＂Shakespearean. ＂From the literary genres,realism has experienced the developmental stages of the ancient Greek and Roman classical realism,mid- 19th- century critical realism,revolutionary realism in the early 20th century and mid- 20th century socialist realism,etc. But only in the ＂modern practice steering＂process,realism genre and thought was clearly developed and gradually diversified to become a powerful school that can contend with modernism and postmodernism. From the spiritual point of view of literary creation,realism is eternal because art and literature can never be divorced from social reality. Therefore,Chinese contemporary aesthetics and literary theory should still adhere to the spirit of realism,encourage creative methods and literary thoughts and root itself in social life and practice.