论布克哈特的“三种力量”——历史研究的先验范畴

On the“Three Powers”of Burckhardt

雅各布·布克哈特的《世界历史沉思录》中将历史上的力量概括为三种:国家、文化与宗教。这样的分类背后其实蕴含着对政治、文化、宗教的力量的范畴分类:三者分别可被澄清为以暴力保障的赏罚、内在的审美与价值判断、对终极赏罚的真信念。通过对哲学工具的应用,对这三种力量进行严格而清晰地区分,从而将它们坚实的哲学范畴澄清出来:布克哈特对三种力量的划分并非由历史学的经验归纳得出,它们其实可以被澄清为历史研究、社会研究的先验范畴。

In his Reflections on History, Jacob Burckhardt makes a trichotomy of the powers in history： state, culture and religion. Behind this trichotomy is the categorical division of political, cultural and religious power, which can respectively be described as the power of reward and punishment secured by violence, the power of aesthetic and value judgement, and the power of the faith in the ultimate irresistible reward and punishment. By means of philosophical constructs, the philosophical ground will emerge out of this trichotomy, which basically involves some transeendental categories of historical and social study.