磷酸二铵对大豆超高产品种养分吸收与利用的影响

Effect of Different Diammonium Phosphate Levels on Nutrient Uptake of Super-High Yielding Soybean

【目的】探索超高产大豆对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收利用规律,及其与普通品种养分吸收利用的特异性。【方法】于2011和2012年,通过盆栽试验研究超高产品种辽豆14、中黄35与普通品种辽豆11在不同磷酸二铵施肥水平下,植株体内的氮、磷、钾养分含量和吸收积累规律。本试验采用品种、施肥量完全随机试验设计,以磷酸二铵苗期施入,施肥量设5个水平,分别为:F0:0 mg·kg-1干土;F50:50 mg·kg-1干土;F100:100 mg·kg-1干土;F150:150 mg·kg-1干土;F200:200 mg·kg-1干土。在大豆的苗期(V3)、开花期(R2)、鼓粒中期(R6)、鼓粒末期(R7)和成熟期(R8)对各处理选取3盆生长一致的植株混合取样,精细冲根。按器官分开后,在105℃下杀青30 min,80℃下烘干至恒重,测定干物质重量。留小样粉碎后,用浓H2SO4-H2O2法消煮,消煮液中的氮用凯氏定氮仪(KN520)测定,磷用钼酸铵比色法测定(UV-2450),钾用火焰光度计(PEAA800)测定。干物质量乘以N、P、K百分含量为N、P、K积累量;由籽粒中养分含量与单株养分积累量的比值计算得养分收获指数;由单株养分积累量和单株籽粒产量计算得生产单位重量籽粒所需的养分数量。【结果】大豆植株的氮、磷、钾养分积累与利用在品种间差异显著。超高产大豆从出苗到成熟需要积累较多的养分,其地上部和根部氮、磷积累量除苗期外均显著高于普通品种,鼓粒中期的根部钾素积累量显著高于普通品种。超高产大豆具有较强的养分转运能力,其氮、磷、钾收获指数显著高于普通品种。同时,超高产大豆的养分利用效率较高,超高产大豆生产单位重量籽粒所需的养分数量显著低于普通品种。施肥对大豆植株的养分积累、转运与利用有显著影响。在各生育时期,施肥处理的大豆植株对氮、磷、钾的吸收,养分收获指数及生产单位重量籽粒所需的养分数量均显著高于对照,且均有随施肥量的增加而增加的趋势。其中,氮和磷的积累量、钾素收获指数、生产单位重量籽粒所需的氮磷养分数量,无论超高产品种还是普通品种均在最高施肥水平(200 mg·kg-1干土)下达到最大,超高产品种生产单位重量籽粒所需的氮、磷养分数量较普通品种的增加量少;而钾素积累量、氮和磷的收获指数、生产单位重量籽粒所需的钾素数量在超过一定施肥量后反而有所降低,超高产品种较普通品种的降低幅度小。【结论】超高产品种比普通品种有更强的养分吸收转运能力和更高的养分利用效率。施肥显著增强大豆对氮、磷、钾的吸收和转运能力,却降低了养分利用效率。

【Objective】A pot experiment was conducted to find out the nutrient uptakes of nitrogen（N）, phosphorus（P）, potassium（K） of super-high yielding soybean cultivars and their difference with a common cultivar. 【Method】In 2011 and 2012, two super-high yielding cvs. Liaodou 14, Zhonghuang 35 and one common cv. Liaodou 11 were used in the pot experiment to investigate the effects of different diammonium phosphate（DAP） application levels on soybean N, P, K accumulation and distribution. The experiment was laid out in a complete randomized experiment design with three replications. Diammonium phosphate（DAP） was applied at soybean seedling stage. The treatments consisted of two cultivers and five levels of DAP（0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg per kg dry soil）. Three pots were selected at random at the stages of V3, R2, R6, R7 and R8. Grains, soybean-roots, and aboveground vegetative samples were collected from all the treatments. The plant samples were dried in the oven at 105℃ for 30 min and 80℃ at least for 72 h to achieve constant weight. The plant samples were weighed, ground and digested with H2SO4-H2O2 acid mixture method. Nitrogen content was estimated by Kjeldahl（KN520） method. Phosphorus and potassium were respectively determined by ammonium molybdate colorimetric assay（UV-2450） and flame photometer（PEAA800）. N, P, K accumulation was calculated by multipling dry mass with N, P, K percentage content. The nutrient harvest index was calculated by dividing the accumulative nutrient amounts of grains with total nutrient amounts produced by the plants. Required nutrients of producing weight grain per se were calculated by the accumulation of nutrients and grain yield.【Result】The absorption, transportation and distribution of N, P, K varied with different cultivars and DAP application levels. Super-high yielding cultivars needed to accumulate more nutrients. Their N and P accumulations were significantly higher than common cultivar in addition to seedling. K accumulation of roots was significantly higher than common cultivar in medium pod filling. Super high-yielding cultivars had a stronger capacity of nutrient transportation. Their harvest indexs of N, P and K were significantly higher than common cultivar. However, less nutrients for super cultivars were required to produce weight grain per se. Super-high yielding cultivars had a higher nutrient use efficiency. The application of DAP significantly increased the uptake of nutrients. The results showed that the accumulative amounts and harvest index of N, P, K showed an increasing tendency with the increment of DAP application levels, so as the required nutrient amounts of producing weight grain per se. Among them, the amounts of N and P accumulation, K harvest index and required N and P amounts of producing weight grain per se were maximized by the application of 200 mg·kg-1 of both super-high yielding cultivars and common cultivar. The required N and P amounts of producing weight grain per se of super-high yielding soybean cvs. Liaodou 14, and Zhonghuang 35 increased less than that of common soybean cv. Liaodou 11. The accumulative amounts of K, N and P harvest index, K requirement of producing weight grain per se decreased as the DAP application level was above 150 mg·kg-1. Super-high yielding soybean cvs. Liaodou 14, Zhonghuang 35 decreased less than that of common soybean cv. Liaodou 11. 【Conclusion】Super-high yielding cultivars had a stronger capacity of nutrient absorption and higher transferring efficiency of nutrients. Fertilization significantly enhanced the capacity of N, P, K absorption and transportation, but it reduced the efficiency of nutrient utilization.