文化实践中非物质文化遗产的真实性:径山茶宴的再发明

Intangible Heritage's Authenticity in Cultural Practices:Reproduced Jingshanchayan

文章通过对一名茶僧参与策划径山茶宴全过程的民族志研究,采用参与观察和深入访谈的研究方法,讨论和反思旅游文化背景下非物质文化遗产的再发明问题。文章从旅游文化和"真实性"的概念出发,讨论旅游研究领域对"光环"研究的缺失,提出关注文化实践中对光环的利用存在的问题,进一步探讨径山茶宴再发明过程中"谁需要真实性以及为什么"以及"如何使用真实性"两个核心问题,以期补充现有真实性讨论的局限性。笔者认为,遗产旅游文化是文化市场化的结果,具备其真实性,而遗产的光环促进着地方文化品牌的推广,径山茶宴在旅游发展背景下的遗产化过程呼吁我们反思非物质文化遗产认证存在的批量化、标准化以及文化多元性等问题。

Based on the daily life of a Tea-monk this ethnographic research investigates the cultural aspects of the Zen tea performances known as ＇Jingshanchayan＇ from the perspective of tourism culture.The paper explores the meaning of tourism culture linking it to heritage, and investigates the authenticity of intangible heritage as tourism develops in China. The paper first reviews critical theorist Walter Benjamin＇s concept of ＇authenticity＇ （the uniquenessnauthenticitymof the original object will disappear if it is reproduced, and it thus loses its authority） and notes the neglected term ＇aura＇ （the force arising from the effect of an object being uniquely present in time and space）. Both authenticity and aura arise from and are embedded in ritual and tradition; however, aura does not receive the same level of attention as authenticity. The paper analyzes the concept of aura and investigates its absence in academic and practical fields. The study of aura addresses two crucial questions relating to ＇who needs authenticity and why＇ and ＇how has authenticity been used＇. This is in contrast to the deeply researched question of ＇what is authenticity＇. The paper helps to transcend the limitation set by the current discussions on authenticity. Jingshanchayan, one of China＇ s national intangible heritage projects, has attracted many tourists from across the globe, particularly from Japan, Korea and Taiwan. Based on observations made and interviews undertaken during two field research periods, the paper studies the process of authenticity changes in bidding for national intangible heritage designationand the aura of national heritage brands with the development of tourism. During the 4 month pilot study （April-July 2012） semi-structured interviews were conducted after a close relationship was established between the monks of Jingshan temple and the author. The study focused on the process of reproducing Jingshanchayan and Mingxing＇ s daily life related to Zen tea ceremony. The paper explores the authenticity and aura of Jingshanchayan in the context of tourism. The original experience plays an important role in authenticity, and Jingshanchayan needs to develop in answer to market and government challenges. National heritage aura activates the promotion of local brands and city images. This attracts tourists and encourages scholars to research the heritage, both of which are beneficial for the sustainable development of culture. The study of Jingshanchayan reveals that against a background of globalization, local knowledge is a valuable resource that can satisfy the cultural curiosity of tourists. Offering heritage becomes a form of cultural performance that can help heritage sites a valuable aura and thus attract social attention. However, intangible heritage performances adjust to cater to govemment and market demands, leading to authenticity problems. The paper argues that heritage is the result of a market with its own authenticity and the aura of heritage benefits the promotion of local brands. Jingshanchayan is just one cultural practice demonstrating the appropriate use of the aura of heritage. Generally, it highlights the problems attached to the process of intangible cultural heritage certification and development, such as bulk reproduction, standardization and ignorance of cultural diversity.