文学旅游地的社会文化建构:以凤凰古城为例

The Sociocultural Construction of Literary Places:A Case Study of Fenghuang

该研究基于文化环及其拓展理论,通过定性和定量相结合的方法探讨了凤凰古城作为文学旅游地的文化生产和消费。结论指出:(1)沈从文及其文学作品所构建的文学世界中的"湘西世界",旅游开发者和经营者所构建的"现实中的边城"与旅游者的"口碑中的凤凰古城"共同构建了"想象中的凤凰古城",即待阅读的"凤凰古城文本",并使这一文本公共化;(2)作为文化消费者,旅游者在文学旅游地的构建与重构过程中扮演了重要的角色,是联系整个社会文化建构过程的纽带。在此基础上,本研究构建了一个新的旅游地社会文化建构模型,以期对旅游地的文化生产和消费相关研究及具体应用进行补充和拓展。

The main purpose of this article was to develop a model of sociocultural construction via the cultural production and consumption of literary places in China. Drawing on quantitative and qualitative data, this article analyzes how different producers contribute to this process, and how they are influenced by tourist consumption. On the one hand, it tries to identify the main processes of social and cultural construction in Fenghuang from three aspects. First, Shen Congwen＇ s literature itself, which provides the original context and cultural background of the sociocultural construction of Fenghuang as a literary place, is investigated through the descriptions （imaginations） of the human and physical landscapes, everyday lives and folk activities in Fenghuang. Second, the function of developers in Fenghuang who rediscover Shen Congwen＇ s literature and reconstruct the settlement as a literary place based on this appreciation is examined. This latter process is in turn influenced by tourist perceptions of Fenghuang, which are used by these developers in representing and reconstructing facilities based on the literature. Third, the impact of the copying of Shen Congwen＇ s literature and production of new texts about Fenghuang that is promoted by tourism operators via their texts or/and embodied performances is also examined, as a type of ＇culture of Shen Congwen＇. On the other hand, the tourists＇ ＇reading＇ of Xiangxi （or Fenghuang） literature and secondary documents （such as advertisements, traveling notes, and guidebooks and media reports）, and their perceptions must also be investigated in relation to the cultural consumption of literary places. This privatizes those parts of the literary culture of Fenghuang that has been publicized by producers and operators as being part of the culture of everyday life, and then provides personalized texts for other tourists. On the basis of these analyses, the main findings of this article include （1） ＇Imaginative Fenghuang＇ is constructed by the ＇world of Xiangxi＇ in Shen Congwen＇ s literary works, and the ＇real Biancheng （the Remote City）＇ is constructed by tourism developers and operators, and tourists＇ perceptions, based on these works. These imagined places are also the socialized textual context for Fenghuang; and （2） Tourists play significant roles in the cultural construction and consumption of Fenghuang as cultural consumers. These findings can be offered as hinges that connect the processes of construction, deconstruction, reconstruction and consumption together. Therefore, we can build up a model of sociocultural construction in literary places on the basis of ＇the circuits of culture＇, which emphasizes social and cultural constructions of space via literature, the activities of developers, operators and tourists within those spaces, and the consumption patterns of tourists. The core part of this model emphasizes the function of tourism in the processes of both producing and consuming such a destination. We hope our findings can provide some ideas for future studies on cultural construction and consumption, and give some advice on the further development of literary tourism in China.