文化人类学田野调查的特点、原则与类型

Characteristics,principles and types of the fieldwork of cultural anthropology

人类田野调查的特征主要有长期性、参与性和深入性。人类学田野调查通常有四大原则:客观性原则、科学性原则、系统性原则和尊重性原则。从不同的角度划分,田野调查可分为多种类型。从调查内容划分,可分为综合调查、专题调查、典型调查和个案调查四类;从是否带着理论假设划分,可分为无理论假设的调查和有理论假设的调查两类;从是否有问题取向划分,可分为无问题取向的调查和有问题取向的调查;从调查地点的数量划分,可分为一点调查和多点调查两类;从时间的角度划分,可分为历时性调查和共时性调查两类。面面俱倒的综合性调查不适合当代中国社会,带着问题调查有利于撰写高质量的调查报告,带着理论假设调查有利于检验理论、修正理论或创建新理论,多点调查有利于归纳理论或法则。

The characteristics of cultural anthropology are participation, profundity and long period. Its principles are objectivity, scien- tificity, systematicness and respect. Its types include the comprehensive, the specific, the typical and the case study; it also includes the investigation with a theoretical hypothesis or without, the one with some problems or without, the one focusing on one place or sev- eral places, the diachronic or the synchronic. The all - inclusive type is not suitable in China. The one with some problems can help produce high -quality investigation reports, the one with a theoretical hypothesis can help improve some theories, while the multi - spot investigation can help theoretical summary.