论唐君毅对朱陆工夫论异同之疏解及其误识

Tang Junyi's Argument on the Similarities and Differences between Zhu Xi and Lu Jiuyuan's Theories of Moral Practice and His Misunderstandings

对于朱熹、陆九渊工夫论之差异,唐君毅主张象山谈立本心,自信即得,而朱熹却为对治气禀物欲之杂而有涵养、致知、察识的三义工夫的架构,其背景则有一宇宙论、心性论、工夫论的结构关系。唐氏认为,如依朱熹之心性论及所发之工夫论而言,朱陆意旨相通,差在毫厘,但如依朱熹宇宙论立场,则此自信之工夫即非有其必然性,故应搁置朱熹宇宙论的讨论,而直视朱熹心性论及工夫论之意旨,如此则朱熹之工夫细密为细节,象山之工夫简易为纲领,两人无不可会通之理。其实,陆象山工夫论也预设了气禀说,也存在宇宙论的理论背景;而朱熹心性论、工夫论不能离于宇宙论,这是哲学基本问题的整体架构,这其中不存在宇宙论进路之工夫得以隔别心性论进路之工夫之可能。唐君毅在朱陆工夫论异同问题上,既有否定牟宗三、劳思光相关论点之处,同时又深受二者观点之影响,在理论上显得依违不定。

For the similarities and differences between Zhu Xi and Lu Jiuyuan ＇ s theories of moral practice, Tang Junyi avers that Xiangshan [ i.e., Jiuyuan] holds if the original heart/mind has been recognized he will be confident of the attainment of the reality while Zhu Xi proposed three layers of hanyang 涵养 （cultivation） , zhizhi 致知 （attaining to awareness） , and chashi 察识 observing and recognition ） which are backed by his cosmology, temperament theory, and moral practice theory. Tang argues that in regard to Zhu Xi ＇ s temperament theory which consequently evokes his moral practice theory Zhu＇ s and Lu ＇ s purports have little differences, but if we depart from Zhu Xi＇ s cosmological standpoints we can see that Lu＇ s self-confidence is not of inevitability. Therefore, we should lay Zhu ＇ s cosmological discussion aside and directly focus on his temperament theory and moral practice theory so that Zhu ＇ s constancy can be expressed as detailed stipulations for practice while Xiangshan ＇ s adherence can be simplified as guiding principles, both of them are compatible. As a matter of fact, Xiangshan ＇ s moral recognition and practice theory also presupposes a physical endowment theory and cosmological background and Zhu ＇ s temperament theory and moral practice theory ought not to be separated from his cosmology in that this is a holistic structure of basic philosophical issues in which cosmological approach is not possibly be separated from the approach of heart/mind. In the issue of similarities and differences between Zhu and Lu in moral recognition and practice, Tang not only denies Mou Zongsan and Lao Siguang＇ s related arguments but also deeply influenced by their points of view, so his argument seems to be theoretically unstable.