官府、牙行与集市——明清至民国时期华北集市的市场制度分析

Government, Yahang and Fair——An Analysis of Market System on Fair of North China During Ming, Qing and Minguo

明清以来 ,华北地区各级官府尤其是地方官府对集市实施了一定的管理和控制 ,清末至民国年间 ,其管理和控制的力度进一步增强。与之相关 ,不同时期官府对集市管理和控制的目的稍有不同 ,明清时期(到 19世纪末 )官府更注重市场的稳定 ,而清末至民国时期则更注重税收的增加 ,并导致牙行制度及税收制度的较大变化 ,从而产生了截然不同的效果。

The local authorities at different levels in North China,especially the local official bodies,had carried out the management and control for the fairs since Ming and Qing.The management and control of the fairs was strengthened during the end of Qing and Minguo.The local authorities in the every period had different aims.The stability of the market during Ming and Qing,at the end of the 19th century,and the in- crease of tax at the end of Qing and Minguo which led to the change of Yahang system and tax system, different results coming into being.