澜沧江——湄公河整体水分配

INTEGRATED ALLOCATION OF THE WATER IN LANCANG-MEKONG RIVER

国际河流水争端是国际河流开发和管理中的核心问题之一 ,直接影响国际河流的可持续开发以及各流域国之间的关系稳定。实现公平合理的水分配是解决此类争端的关键。尽管有一些国际水法制定了公平合理利用和无损害等总原则 ,但是 ,由于每条国际河流的自然条件及各流域国的社会、经济和文化等差异 ,水分配的基础条件和面临的具体问题不同 ,而且在实施中不能强迫各流域国执行。实现公平合理水分配较好的方式是打破国家界线 ,兼顾各流域国利益 ,进行全流域整体水分配。中国虽然作为一个国际河流分布广泛的国家 ,以往对于这方面的研究却几乎是处于空白 ,本文通过对澜沧江———湄公河水资源及其需求特征的分析 ,总结该流域整体水分配的优势 ,对 1995年《湄公河可持续发展合作协定》有关水利用问题条款中存在的问题进行评析 ,提出澜沧江———湄公河整体水分配的原则。

Water dispute is one of the key problems of International River development and management, which is effects the relationship of the riparian countries. Some international laws give the general rules, such as using water equally and reasonably, and no harm to the other riparian countries. But, each river with different situation, and the international law could not force the countries to obey. Water dispute is still exiting all over the world, especially in the area lack of the water, such as the Nile, the Jordan etc, al. So, we should allocate the water integratedly, and all interests of the riparian countricons should been considered. The paper analysis the characteristics of the water resources and its needs, and assess the rules of 'Cooperation Agreement on the Mekong Sustainable Development' which is relative to the water use. At last, the principles, the index deciding and the integrated framework are put forward.