政治决断掩盖了“权力决断”——民元以来立宪的文化分析

Political Decision Conceals“Decision of Authority”

立宪主义强调宪法是政治运行的权原,政治运行须获得宪法的授权。政治决断论的制宪权理论认可人民(民族)的制宪权主体地位,并预设人民可凭藉其政治意志对自身存在类型和形式作出决断,从而制定宪法。然立宪主义国家主权所属与所在的分离现状有使制宪过程出现人民意志被控权集团意志僭越之虞,这在欠缺西方宪政文化传统的近代中国表现尤为明显。民元以来的立宪进程呈现出表面上的政治决断、实际上的"权力决断"的根本特征,控权集团通过操纵民意在制宪时灌输权力意志的诉求。这不仅说明了政治决断在原理上的可操作性,更反映出一元集权文化在民元以来立宪过程中的承续与传递。

The key point of constitutionalism is that political system should be authorized by the Constitution. Modem theory of constitutionalism presumes the whole people or nation as the dominant subject to formulate the Constitution. However, there exists a dangerous situation because of the separation of sovereignty and power. That＇s to say, the will of representatives may replace the will of the people, which is particularly evident in modem China. In modem China, the fundamental characteristics of constitutional history are separation of theories and practice, which means that political decision-making in formal and power decision-making in actual. The conclusions of this paper are the theory of political decision-making is operability and traditional culture is very influential.