基于气候、地貌、生态系统的景观分类体系——以新疆地区为例

Landscape classification system based on climate,landform,ecosystem: a case study of Xinjiang area

景观分类是景观生态学研究的重要内容之一,既是景观结构与功能研究的基础,又是景观规划、管理等应用研究的前提条件,目前尚没有具有适普性的景观分类体系。提出了景观生态学的一种发生学分类方法,即景观带——基于气候的一级指标(温度带,反映纬度地带性)、景观区——基于干旱指数的二级指标(干湿区,反映经度地带性)、景观类——基于垂直地貌的三级指标(山地和平原,反映垂直地带性)、景观型——基于自然生态系统和人工生态系统的四级指标(反映自然生态系统特征和人类活动)的四级景观分类体系。并利用该体系对新疆地区进行了景观分类,将新疆地区划分为3个景观带、4个景观区、2个景观类、11个景观型。该分类体系与地理景观学派除在自然景观分类系统不同之外,将人工景观指标引入了景观发生学分类。为研究景观分类提供了一种思路和方法,这种分类方法对新疆地区景观的成因、景观演变规律、景观恢复与修复标准等提供了背景参考。

Landscape classification is premise and foundation for deeply research of landscape ecology. At present,it is lack of mature landscape classification system. Geographic genetic and Human activity is the essence of landscape formation and evolution of land surface. In this paper,based on the geographic genetic,in terms of the theory of physical geography,climatology,geological geomorphology and ecology,the author established a four-level landscape classification system. The first level,the landscape zone,based on climate zones. Climate zone determines the distribution of natural heat and water;The second level,the landscape region,is Drought index,reflecting the latitude and longitude zonality; The third level,the landscape classes,based on the elevation of geomorphic,which embodied the vertical zonality; The fourth level,the landscape type,come from the vegetation and landuse contained natural ecosystem and human activity. Using this system,we have classified the landscape in Xinjiang area,and divide the 3 landscape zones,4 landscape regions,2 landcape classes and 11 landscape types. The results can provided some background references for researching on causes,evolution,recovery and reconstruction of regional landscape. This system could be applied into any terrestrial area of global.