论明代后期的文士尚武之风——兼及万历初年京师文人城市生活的一个新面向

The Phenomenon of Warlike Wind among the Civilians in the Late Ming Dynasty:a New Perspective on Literati’s City life in Early Wanli Period

明代以武功立国,建国之初即不吝以爵邑分封功臣宿将,然而文臣得封者绝少,后来在《大明律》中又明文规定"文臣不得封公侯",因而明初的"右武"政策甚为明显。随着明代政治的不断演变,文武地位迭有升降,最终演变出重文轻武的政治形势。在此形势下,大概从明中叶的弘治时代开始,文士社会中逐渐形成一股尚武之风。此一风气,也深刻影响到士人的结社交游活动中,出现了骑马角射、击剑任侠等风尚,显示出明代后期士人城市生活的一个新面向。

For their contribution to the founding of the Ming Empire,military officers had higher status than civilian ones.However,an upsidedown occurred in the late Ming Dynasty that civilian officers’status excled their military rivals,which leads to such phenomenon that civilian offers play much more military role than ever before.This paper explores changes on role of civilian offers and military ones and clarifies the new features of civilian institution in the late Ming Dynasty.