远洋船员职业倦怠及其影响因素分析

Status of job burnout and its influential factors in seafarers

目的探讨远洋船员职业倦怠现状及其主要影响因素，为保障远洋船员身心健康、提高工作效能提供科学依据。方法选择2013年1月～6月间在福建省某国际旅行卫生保健中心进行体检及福建某口岸出入境的远洋船员，利用职业倦怠量表对远洋船员职业倦怠情况进行调查。共发出问卷1027份，有效问卷989份，有效率为96．30％。结果（1）30岁以下年龄组、离异及丧偶、人均月收入在10000元以上的远洋船员衰竭和消极怠慢得分最高（P〈0.05）；初中及以下学历、人均月收入在3000-6000元的远洋船员专业低效能感得分最高（P〈0.05）。（2）每天超时工作频率最高、高职业应激的远洋船员衰歇和消极怠慢得分最高（P〈0.05）；最近一次出海时间超过6个月、低职业应激的远洋船员专业低效能感得分最高（P〈0.05）。（3）睡眠时间少于6小时／天、睡眠质量差的远洋船员，衰竭和消极怠慢得分最高（P〈0．05），睡眠质量好的远洋船员专业低效能感得分最高（P〈0.05）。（4）多因素分析表明，睡眠质量差和职业应激是远洋船员职业倦怠的危险因素，而体育锻炼是其保护因素。结论远洋船员职业倦怠是多因素共同作用的结果，应从远洋船员自身和相关管理部门等多方面采取措施，预防并降低其职业倦怠的发生。

Objective To investigate the status of job burnout and its main influential factors in seafarers and to provide a scientific basis for ensuring the physical and psychological health of seafarers and increasing their working performance. Methods A total of 1027 seafarers, who underwent physical examination at Fujian International Travel Health Care Center from January to June, 2013, and left and entered China through the Fujian port, were selected. The status of job burnout was investigated using a job burnout scale. A total of 1027 questionnaires were sent out, and 989 valid ones （96.30%） were returned. Results The scores of emotional exhaustion and cynicism were the highest in the youngest age group （〈30 years）, divorced or widowed group, or those with a monthly income per person over 10,000 yuan （P〈0.05）. The score of reduced personal accomplishment was the highest in seafarers with a degree of junior high school or less or those with a monthly income per person of 3 000-6 000 yuan （P〈0.05）. The highest scores of emotional exhaustion and cynicism were also seen in seafarers with the highest frequency of overtime working, high occupational stress, less than 6 hours＇ sleep per day, or poor sleep quality （P〈0.05）. The highest score of reduced personal accomplishment was also seen in seafarers with the latest sail time lasting for more than six months, low occupational stress, or good sleep quality （P〈0.05）. Multivariate analysis showed that poor sleep quality and occupational stress were the main risk factors for job burnout in seafarers, while physical exercise was a protective factor. Conclusion Job burnout among seafarers is influenced by many factors. Therefore, measures should be taken by relevant administrative departments and seafarers themselves to reduce the incidence of job burnout.