森林生态旅游业发展的利益协调机制

Research on the Interests Coordination Mechanism of Forest Ecological Tourism Development

我国森林生态旅游业的发展对自然生态系统的扰动越来越明显。如何实现森林生态旅游业的可持续发展,正成为社会各界普遍关注的问题。本文首先指出,目前我国森林生态旅游业利益相关者的环保意识都不强,环保组织的能量远未达到足以制衡其他各方的程度,因此我国不存在所谓旅游开发与环境保护之间的博弈制衡局面。这就需要建立森林生态旅游产业发展的利益协调机制,以求能把相关各方的经济利益诉求与环境保护的大义切实有效地协调统一起来。进而本文论证:环境保护与获取经济效益并非绝对对立。只要树立起长远发展、永续享用的理念,旅游企业和游客也能成为环保的践行者。保护生态环境与旅游企业获取长远经济利益高度正相关,于是所谓森林生态旅游业的发展应兼顾经济效益与社会公益等价于森林旅游业者短期经济效益与长期经济利益。所谓森林生态旅游产业的可持续发展,也就是要求确保产业在每一个时点上的发展对自然生态的损害都不会减少旅游产业在未来的实际收入。亦即使得产业永续收益流的总现值达到最大。基于这种理念,本文采用动态博弈分析方法,论证了政府在促成森林生态旅游业可持续发展方面的决定性作用。认为必须由政府出面建立森林生态旅游业可持续发展的利益协调联盟。由该联盟确定行业发展的规模或速度,凝聚并强化利益相关各方注重行业发展长远利益的共识,健全监管制度,设置"一报还一报"式的奖罚制度,建立行业经营信息系统,达成完全信息、完美信息无限重复动态博弈的局面。最后本文建议由我国各地陆续组建起来的森林生态旅游协会具体承担起行业发展利益协调联盟的角色。

It is becomes more and more obvious that the forest ecological tourism development in China＇ s disturbs natural ecosystems. How to achieve the sustainable development of forest ecological tourism, is an issue of common concern to the community. At first, this article points out that at present the environmental protection consciousness of China＇ s forest ecological tourism stakeholders is not strong, the ability of environmental groups is not sufficient to the degree to balance the other parties, therefore China does not have the so-called game balance between tourism development and environmental protection. This requires the establishment of benefit coordination mechanism of forest ecological tourism industry development, in order to balance the economic interests of the parties and the environmental protection＇ s sense. Then this article arguments： environmental protection and obtaining economic benefits are not obsolutely opposite. As long as we set up the concept of long-term development and sustainable share, tourism enterprises and visitors can also become the practitioners of environmental protection. Protecting the environment and getting long-term economic benefits of tourism enterprises are highly correlated, so the so-called the development of forest ecological tourism will take into account the economic and social welfare and is equivalent to this taking into account the short-term economic benefits and long-term economic interests of forest tourism industry. The so-called sustainable development of forest ecological tourism industry, which is required to ensure the development of industry in every point of damage to natural ecosystems will not reduce the real income of the tourism industry in the future. That maximizes the total present value of the industry sustainable revenue stream. Based on this concept, this article uses the dynamic game analysis, and demonstrates the decisive role of government in fostering sustainable forest ecological tourism development. So the interest coordination alliance of forest ecological tourism sustainable development must be set up by the government. This alliance determines the scale or speed of the development of the industry, unites and strengthens the development of the industry stakeholders to focus on long-term interests of consensus, improves the supervision system, sets up the rewards and punishment system, establishes a management information system and then reaches the situation of complete information, and infinitely repeated dynamic game of perfect information. At last, this article suggests that the forest ecological tourism association that have been established all over the country should undertake the role of the industry alliance of interest coordination.