慈善表演／表演慈善：清末民初上海剧场义演与主流性实践

Charity Performances and Mainstreamalizing Practice in Shanghai in Late Qing and Early Republican Period (1870s-1910s)

上海剧场义演初现于19世纪后期,至20世纪初曾盛行一时,慈善目的多样,参与群体广泛。本文对这一新兴社会现象进行深入考察,指出推动义演兴盛的根本原因是清末民初国家—社会关系的转型。剧场义演形成了一种"公共社域",虽非哈贝马斯定义中不同社会群体平等讨论公共事务的"公共领域",却提升了人们对公共事务的关心和参与意识,并促进了新的社会、政治思潮和话语的传播与再生产。与此同时,各类群体通过参与义演活动,回应和贴近日益成为时代主流的观念和话语,借此获得社会资本和符号资本,在变动的时代环境中维护和提升自身的地位。笔者将这种社会行为称为"主流性实践",它不仅推动了地方社会关系的重组,而且促进了一种新的公共性的形成。清末民初上海的剧场义演既是社会—政治变迁的产物,也影响了社会结构和政治生态的变化。

Charity performances in the theatre,which first appeared in late-19th-century Shanghai,prevailed at the beginning of the 20th century. They were held for varied charitable purposes and attended by a wide range of communities. By looking into this social phenomenon,the author finds out that the fundamental reason for the prosperity of charity performances is the transformation of state- social relationship. Although charity performances did not evolve into Habermasian'public sphere',they generated a'public communal domain'which promoted people's concern about and participation in public affairs and facilitated the diffusion and reproduction of new sociopolitical thoughts as well as discourses. In the meantime,through participating in philanthropic performances,various social groups echoed and approached new ideas and discourses that increasingly became the mainstream of the time in the hope of gaining social and symbolic capital so as to enhance and elevate their social status in the rapidly changing circumstances. The author coins a new term,'mainstreamalizing practice',to describe this kind of social practice,claiming that it not only propelled the reorganization of local social relations,but also facilitated the construction of a new kind of publicity. As a result of sociopolitical changes,theatre charity performances in late Qing and early Republican Shanghai had in turn a great impact on the evolution of social structure and political ecology.