他人的脸：作为第一哲学的伦理学——伊曼纽尔·列维纳斯思想中两种类型的哲学

The Face of the Other, Ethics as First Philosophy: Two Types of Philosophy in the Thought of Emmanuel Levinas

将第一哲学从知识论转到伦理学方面来,是列维纳斯哲学最显著的特点之一,也是它对于传统哲学而言的革命性意义之所在。以知识论为第一哲学的传统哲学对于道德和公正之间遭遇到的矛盾束手无策,其主要原因在于,那种哲学是抹杀了时间差异的,它是共时性的,也是整体性的。然而实际情况总是超越这种整体性,是历时性的。传统哲学陷入这种无助境遇的原因还在于它执著于"所说"而隐没了"说"。怀疑主义本身的论证虽然不可取,但是它对于冲破以所说建立的藩篱以及召唤"说"而言是有积极作用的。在"说"的层面启示出来的是直面他人的责任,在此,传统哲学所建立的整体性被冲破。不仅道德和公正取得了一致,在更广泛的方面,它还是知识与科学的基础。所以,伦理学是亲身的哲学,是第一哲学。

It is Levinas' one of the most conspicuous features and his revolutionary transform to the traditional philosophy that he substitutes ethics for knowledge as the first philosophy. The limitation of the traditional philosophy with knowledge as its first principle exposes fully in that it could not resolve the conflict between moral and justice, because it is diachronic and totality. To break through this difficult Levinas calls for the distinction between say and said. To say brings one in face to face toward other, which calls for one to establish the responsibility. Here totality is broken through. Not only the moral and justice are coordinated, but, in a broad sense, knowledge and science get their ultimate ground. The conclusion: ethics is the philosophy with proximity. It is first philosophy.