从汉字“國”的原型看华夏国家起源——兼评“夏代中国文明展:玉器·玉文化”

On Origins of States from the Prototype of “Guo(State)”——A Comment on Civilization Exposition of Xia Dynasty:Jadewares Jade Culture

甲骨文金文作为二重证据，提示着汉字“圜”的造字本义指由武器戈守护城池。史前大传统提供的四重证据表明：龙山文化时代古城与玉戈同在的唯一遗址是神木县石峁遗址。在距今4000年之际的华夏国家形成期，怎样利用新的考古发现和多学科知识求证夏代国家的存在？参照新问世的“夏代中国文明展：玉器·玉文化”（良渚博物院，2013-2014），用文学人类学派的四重证据法做出玉器符号物的系统证明之尝试，兼及玉琮的方形与龙山时代古城多为方形的对照分析。

As double evidences,Oracle Inscriptions suggest that the original meaning of Chi- nese character＂Guo（国,State）＂is to guard city wall and moat by the weapon＂Ge（戈,dagger-- axe）＂. The Quadruple Evidences provided by prehistoric great tradition shows that Shimao Site of Shenmu is the only one in which there exist both the ancient city and the jade dagger--axe in Longshan Culture Era. And how do we use new archaeological discoveries and multi--disci- plinary knowledge to verify the existence of states in Xia Dynasty 4000 years ago when the states came into being？ To answer this question,we can refer to the advent of＂Civilization Ex- position of Xia Dynasty：Jadewares ？ Jade Culture＂（Liangzhu Museum,2013 to 2014）,attempt to make systematic verification of jade symbolic objects by using Quadruple Evidence Method of Literature Anthropology School, and finally, make a comparative analysis on the square shapes of jadeweres and of ancient walls and moats in Longshan Era.