在学识与良知之间：国策学者内藤湖南的“支那论”

Between Knowledge and Conscience:“ShinaTheory”of Policy Adviser Naitou Konan

民国初期,日本的"支那学"代表人物内藤湖南发表了大量涉华言论,其"支那论"的核心框架和主要内容是:从对民族感情、国家统一的经济成本、民主制的代价三者的相关性的分析入手,得出了中国"本土"统一但"五族"应该"分治"的结论;以中国人"没有国家观念"为由,断言中国"国防无用","国际管理"势在必行;以"国家树龄"、"异族刺激"、"文化中心移动"、"殖民开发"等一套组合观点为支撑,兜售日本的对华使命论。内藤对中国历史的把握及对中国社会现状的分析,虽然显示了丰厚的学识,但他从社会达尔文主义的观点出发,不遗余力地鼓吹适者生存这一"没有理性的"合理性,站在日本民族国家本位立场上,为日本的对华殖民扩张政策提供理论依据,则无所保留地彰显出其帝国主义时代御用文人的冷酷和人类良知的缺失。从一个泰斗级"汉学家"堕为一个庸俗的"国策学者",是内藤等战前日本一些知识分子的悲哀。

During the early years of Republic of China, Naitou Konan, who was regarded as the representative of ＂Shina Studies＂ in Japan, made abundant statements on China. The key framework and main contents are as followings： Firstly, from the perspective of national sentiment, the economic costs of state unification and democratic system, he concluded that the territory in China should be unified, but the five nationalities should be divided and ruled. Secondly, he took on the excuse which the Chinese people did not have the state concept and asserted China＇s ＂defense useless＂ and advocated ＂international governance＂. Thirdly, he took use of a series of concepts, such as ＂old country＂, ＂stimulation of alien race＂ , ＂dislocation of cultural center＂ and ＂colonial development＂, to tout for Japanese manifest destiny towards China. Naitou＇s analysis on the Chinese history and current society demonstrate his rich knowledge. However, he took the point of view of social Darwinism and spared no effort to advocate the rationality of survival of the fittest. Furthermore, the fact that he stood on the national egoistic position as the theoretical basis of Japanese colonial expansion towards China, clearly showed the ruthlessness and shortage of conscience of scholars used by the government in the imperialist era. It was a tragedy of Naitou and some intellectualists before WWI that the leading sinologist became scholars of national policy-making.