中西快乐与德性之文化异同——以思孟学派与亚里士多德为例

Cultural Similarities and Differences in Delight and Morality Between China and the West

对于思孟学派与亚里士多德来说,快乐的类型虽然很多,但是真正的快乐是德性之乐,德性提升和净化着快乐,同时,快乐成就和完善着德性,是德性实现的必要条件之一。此外,思孟学派与亚里士多德都认为过度的快乐,特别是肉体快乐会妨碍德性,因此应该警惕快乐和寡欲,只是在程度和范围上,思孟学派的寡欲要比亚里士多德的警惕快乐强烈。最后,亚里士多德注意到了痛苦与快乐各种不同的关系及痛苦在成德过程中的不同作用,而思孟学派更加注重人的精神作用,回避和间接论述了德性修养过程中的痛苦现象,只将忧与痛苦限定在德之缺失及天下混乱之中,提倡忧乐圆融的精神境界。

Simeng School and Aristotle both light is the delight of perfect virtue; delight may pay attention to delight and virtue： They hold that the greatest destrengthen and improve the moral actionand delight is one of the necessary conditions for the realization of virtue. In addition, Simeng School and Aristotle both think that we should be on the alert for physical pleasure as too much physical pleasure may morality. In terms of degree and scope, Si- meng School stresses fewer desires while Aristole puts emphasis on alertness of delight. Finally, Aristotle notices the difference between pain and pleasure and pain in various moral process, but the Simeng School paiys more attention to the role of human spirit, but avoids and indirectly discusses pain phenomenon in the process of moral cultivation. They define sorrow and pain in the moral deficiency and the chaos of world, advocating the spiritual harmony of sorrow and delight.