从莱斯格到布雷阿尔：十九世纪西方语义学史钩沉

From Reisig to Bréal:The history of semantics in the 19th century

本文基于一手资料,梳理了早期西方语义学史(1825-1900)的来龙去脉:(1)19世纪20年代,德国莱斯格依据康德的人类纯粹理性,基于哲学取向和历史取向,首创了古典语意学(Semasiologie/Bedeutungslehre)这门新学科;(2)19世纪70年代以后,法国布雷阿尔以心理学思潮为背景,凸显语言心智规律的心理取向,再造为心智语义学(Sémantique);(3)到1900年,这门"意义的科学"已经在美国(Semasiology,1847;Semantics,1893)、俄国(Cемасиология,1895)、西班牙(Semntica,1899)和英国(Semantics,1900)流播开来。

Based on first-hand literature,this paper sorts out the causes and effects of the history of early western semantics(1825-1900).It is found that:(1)In the 1820s,Reisig established Classical Semantics(Semasiologie/Bedeutungslehre).Influenced by Kant's pure reason,Reisig's approach was philosophical,logical as well as historical.(2)After 1870s,against the background of psychology,Bréal put forth Mental Semantics(Sémantique),which highlighted the psychological orientation of language's mental rules.(3)By 1900,semantics,often called 'the science of meaning',spread throughout America(Semasiology,1847;Semantics,1893),Russia(Cемасиология,1895),Spain(Semntica,1899)and England(Semantics,1900).