长枝木霉对禾谷胞囊线虫的寄生和致死作用

Parasitic and lethal action of Trichoderma longibrachiatum against Heterodera avenae

【目的】明确长枝木霉(Trichoderma longibrachiatum)孢子悬浮液对小麦禾谷胞囊线虫(Heterodera avenae)的防治潜力和可能的作用机理。【方法】通过室内显微观察和测定不同时期长枝木霉(T.longibrachiatum)孢子悬浮液对小麦禾谷胞囊线虫(H.avenae)胞囊的寄生和致死作用及其可能的机理。【结果】显微观察结果表明,侵染初期长枝木霉孢子寄生于胞囊的表面,并且萌发产生大量的菌丝,侵染后期整个胞囊被致密的菌丝包围,胞囊内卵的胚胎发育停止和内容物凝集,甚至有的胞囊表面突起形成深褐色的小液泡,或者胞囊破裂和溶解。室内测定结果表明,不同浓度长枝木霉孢子悬浮液对胞囊具有明显的寄生和致死作用,并且其可能的寄生和致死作用机理主要是通过胞囊诱导和提高长枝木霉菌几丁质酶、葡聚糖酶和酪蛋白酶的活性,进而使胞囊体壁溶解和内容物外渗。处理后第18天浓度为1.5×108CFU/mL的长枝木霉孢子悬浮液对胞囊的寄生率为93.3%,第10天对胞囊孵化的相对抑制率为93.6%;经胞囊诱导后第4天浓度为1.5×108CFU/mL的长枝木霉孢子悬浮液几丁质酶和葡聚糖酶活性最高为0.78和0.96 U/(min·mL),第6天浓度为1.5×108CFU/mL的长枝木霉孢子悬浮液酪蛋白酶活性最高为4.03 U/(min·mL),并且诱导后其几丁质酶、葡聚糖酶和酪蛋白酶活性随着长枝木霉孢子悬浮液浓度的增加而增加。【结论】长枝木霉对小麦禾谷胞囊线虫胞囊具有较强的寄生和致死作用,且可能的寄生和致死作用机理主要通过胞囊诱导和提高长枝木霉菌几丁质酶、葡聚糖酶和酪蛋白酶的活性。

[ Objective] To evaluate the potential of Trichoderma longibrachiatum spore suspension against Heterodera avenae. [ Methods] The parasitic and lethal effects of T. longibraehiatum spore suspension against the cysts of H. avenae were studied in vitro and observed under microscope. [ Results] Microscopic observation showed that the spore suspension of T. longibrachiatum parasitized on the cyst surface, germinated a large number of hyphae, and grew on the surface of the cyst at the initial stage. Later, the cysts were completely surrounded by dense mycelium, and the contents of digestion in cysts was lysed, even some cysts produced vacuoles, and some were split up and finally the cyst was dissolved by the metabolite of T. longibrachiatum. In vitro studies showed that high concentrations of T. longibrachiatum spores had strong parasitic and lethal effects on the cysts of H. avenae, and the probable mechanism of parasitic and lethal effects of T. longibrachiatum against H. avenae were mainly by inducing and increasing chitinase, glucanase and caseinase activity. The cysts were parasitized by 93.3% at 18 days, the hatching of cysts were inhibited by 93.6% at 10 days when treated with the concentrations （1.5 ×10^8 CFU/mL） of T. longibrachiatum. [ Conclusion] Trichoderma longibrachiatum had strong parasitic and lethal effects on the cysts of H. avenae, and has the potential as a new biocontrol agent.