走廊-教室建筑结构人员疏散时间控制浅析

Analysis of controlling the evacuation time in the classroom building with corridors

建筑物发生火灾后,人员能否从建筑物内安全地撤离,取决于疏散时间的长短。从疏散场所、疏散人员及疏散环境3个角度分析了影响人员疏散时间的因素。运用层次分析法分析疏散时间的影响因素,确定各因素对疏散时间的影响程度。然后,用人员疏散模拟软件并借助正交试验法对影响走廊-教室建筑结构下人员疏散时间的主要因素进行分析,最后提出人为可控度的概念。结果表明,人员密度和出口宽度对疏散时间影响显著,但出口宽度的人为可控程度最高,人员密度的人为可控度最低。

This paper is aimed to present an effective method for analyzing the influential factors on the evacuation time, so as to provide a guide to the safety design of building with desirable fire-preventive conditions. In the first place, we think it necessary to analyze all the influential factors on the evacuation time from the point of view of the location, occupants and the surroundings for evacuation. In addition, it is necessary to identify the vague or potential factors which are difficult to define and quantify. For example, the density of the would-be occupants, the exits and moving speeds that may influence the evacuation time. And, in the second place, we have adopted an evacuation simulation software to simulate the evacuation time for a corridor-classroom building. The said software is endowed with the ability to simulate the different widths of the exits, the locational distances of exits in the building, the moving speed and the density of occupants. What is more, we have done an orthogonal experiment to analyze the simulation results further. According to the analysis of the orthogonal experiment, the effects on evacuation time can be presented in the following order： the density of the occupants, the exit widths, the separation distances of all the exits in the classroom building, the moving speed and the corridor width. And, consequently, the results of the simulation prove to be in perfect accord with the analytic hierarchy process. And, finally, the concept of artificial controllability is suggested for evaluating the difficulty to control the said factors, which can be illustrated in the following order： the exit width, the separation spaces of the exits under the classroom, the corridor width, the moving speed, and the density of the occupants. What is more, the exit width turns to be the highest artificial controllability whereas the occupant density is the lowest. Based on the results of the orthogonal experiments and the analytic hierarchy process, it is concluded that the design of the safety evacuation should be paid more attention to the exit width. All in all, the two methods we have proposed to be joined together for the classroom building design is of some value to the research of evacuation time in the future and the practical design for safety evacuation.