“不得作为定案根据”条款的学理解析

A Theoretical Analysis of the “Can't-Be-the-Verdict-Evidence” Articles

由于我国的刑事证据立法及司法解释欠缺指导理论,在立法和司法解释制定过程中也未能清晰界定基本的证据法概念,刑事诉讼法和司法解释中将各类不同的证据规则都以"不得作为定案根据"条款的形式进行规范。从证据法理上可将我国的"不得作为定案根据"条款大致分为四类,即狭义的非法证据排除规则、证据的客观性保障规则、证明力评价规则、严格证明规则。对于这四类规则,要分别从法理出发探讨其合理性及适用问题。对于狭义的非法证据排除规则来说,要对其进行合理的解释,以典型案例等有效方式对其实践适用进行指引;对于证据的客观性保障规则来说,要使其具有必要的灵活性,并改变其适用方式;对于证明力评价规则来说,那些对法官采信证据形成不当限制的规则要根据具体情况谨慎适用;对于严格证明规则来说,要将严格证明解释为一个独立的成为定案根据的条件,并且完善举证质证方式、心证公开等配套措施。

Because the short of theoretical guidance in the process of China＇ s criminal evidence legislation, and the confusion of basic evidence concept, there are many articles stipulate ＂can＇t be the verdict evidence＂ in China＇ s new Criminal Procedure Law and judicial interpretation, which have different evidence jurisprudence. Those articles can be di vided into four categories, illegal evidence exclusion rules, objectivity guarantee rules, probative force evaluation rules and strengbeweis rules. It is necessary to analyse the evidence jurisprudence of those rules, and then study the application prob lems of them. As to illegal evidence exclusion rules, reasonable legal interpretation is necessary, and there should be guid ance of application. As to objectivity guarantee rules, the rules should have some flexibility and apposite application mode. To probative force evaluation rules, those articles improperly restrict judges free evaluation of the evidence should be ap plied discreetly. To strengbeweis rules, strengbeweis should be interpreted as an independent condition to be verdict evidence, and some supporting measures such as the way of evidence confirmation is to be improved.