植物病原菌对杀菌剂抗性风险评估

Evaluation of Risk of Resistance in Plant Pathogenous Fungi to Fungicides

植物病原菌对杀菌剂的抗性风险由基本风险和治理风险组成。杀菌剂使用之前或之初可根据 人工诱变、药剂选择或驯化实验、田间野生敏感菌株敏感性变异、抗药菌株的生物及遗传特 征、杀菌剂作用方式等进行基本抗药风险预测；杀菌剂使用数年之后可根据人工诱变、药剂 选择或驯化、田间药效与抗药性发生、抗药菌株的生物及遗传特征、杀菌剂作用方式与使用 对策等已有资料进行抗药风险评估。目前已有4种方法用于抗药风险评估。由杀菌剂与病害 共同决定的基本抗药风险可分成低、中和高度。基本抗性风险高的药剂合理使用可延缓田间 抗药性发生，中度基本抗性风险药剂不合理使用也可引发田间抗药性发生和药效明显降低。

Risk of resistance in plant pathogenous fungi to fungicides is composed of inher ent risk and management risk. At the beginning of the application of target fungicide, inherent risk of resistance can be predicted by artificial induct ion or fungicide selection, sensitivity variation of wild-type sensitive strain s, biological and genetic characteristics of resistant strains and mode of a ction of target fungicide. Several years after application of target fungicide, risk of resistance can be assessed according to the known experimental data, suc h as artificial induction or fungicide selection, efficacy appearance and resist ance occurrence in field, biological and genetic characteristics of resistan t strains, mode of action and application strategies of target fungicide. Curren tly, 4 methods have been adopted to evaluate risk of resistance. Inherent ri sk of resistance caused by diseases and fungicides can be divided into low, intermediate, and high level. High risk of resistance to phenylamide fungici des and lower risk of resistance to cymoxanil have been assessed in Phytopht hora infestans and Plasmopara viticola . Low or intermediate risk of resistan ce t o SBI has been forecasted in powdery mildew, rust, Fusarium spp. on whea t. Field resistance to high-risk fungicides can be delayed through suitable appl ication method, Unsuitable application of intermediate-risk fungicides may res ult resistance in field and outstanding decrease of control efficacy.