分子遗传标记技术及其在昆虫科学中的应用

Molecular genetic markers and their application in entomology.

分子遗传标记是随着聚合酶链式反应 (PCR)和Southern杂交等分子生物学技术的飞速发展而出现的遗传学标记技术 ,它突破了以往形态标记 ,细胞学标记和同工酶标记等表达型标记的局限性 ,在揭示物种的遗传变异性研究中发挥着独特的优势。分子遗传标记目前已出现了几十种 ,可依其涉及的位点和反映的多态性的基础分为多位点分子标记和单位点分子标记 ,多位点分子标记反映核苷酸序列的多态性 ,单位点分子标记反映基因座上等位基因的多态性。本文对一些常用的分子标记技术的特点和它们在昆虫系统进化、昆虫分类、昆虫生态、生物防治和特定基因标记等研究中的应用作了介绍。

The availability of molecular genetic markers have increased sharply following the advent of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern Blot. Unlike morphological marker, cytological marker and isozyme marker, which revealed the differences at gene expressing level, molecular genetic markers offer several specific advantages over the expressing markers. Most importantly, they have good stablities, high variability and may mostly free from enviromental influences. In molecular genetic markers, multilocus marker and single\|locus marker are two types of vaulable technique widely used to survey genetic variation in diverse organisms including insects. Multilocus techniques such as RAPD, DNA fingerprinting, AFLP and RFLP detect genetic variations based on nucleotide differences, while single-locus techniques such as SSR reveal variations through the polymorphism of alleles. The characteristics of some useful molecular genetic markers and their application and potential for answering questions about insects on phylogeny, taxonomy, ecology and biological control were reviewed.