中国土壤分类四十年

REVIEW OF CHINESE SOIL CLASSIFICATION FOR THE PAST FOUR DECADES

建国以来土壤分类是不断完善的过程。涉及全国的土壤分类系统至少有9个。可分为三个时期。解放初,采用美国马伯特土壤分类系统,以土类为基本单元,土系为基层单元,其中就有我国特有的山东棕壤、砂姜黑土和水稻土等类型;从1954年开始采用土壤发生分类系统,之后陆续提出了一些新土类,如黄棕壤、黑土、白浆土、砖红壤性红壤等,接着由于对耕地土壤的普查,充实了水稻土、明确了潮土、灌淤土和(土娄)土等的独立土类地位,并提出了其他许多磷质石灰土等新土类。目前正在开始以诊断层如诊断特性为基础、结合我国丰富土壤类型的实际,在已有基础上,建立具有我国特色、具有空量指标的土壤系统分类。但这需要有一个较长的研究和完善过程。

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, soil classification has been improved. There have been at least nine soil classification systems that cover whole soils in china. Three periods can be distinguished: At the early period 1950's, C. F. Marbut's system was adopted, and in this system great soil group was used as the basic unit and soil series as the low category and Shandong brown soils which only occured in China, Sajong (calcic concretion) black soils and paddy soils were included. Genetic soil classification system was introduced in 1954, and since then, some new great groups such as yellow-brown soils, black soils, Baijiang (abic) soils and lateritic red earths were proposed. Afterwards, with the general soil survey on cultivated soils, paddy soils was enriched, Cha (fluvo-aquic) soils warped irrigated soils and Lou (stratified old manured lossial) soils were distinguished as independent great groups and a lot of new great groups were proposed. In recently years, chinese soil taxonomic classification, wich is based on the diagnostic horizons and characteristics of abundant soil types in china, is being developed, but perhaps a long time would be needed to make it perfect.