俄罗斯刑事辩护机制变迁及其评析

On the Changes of Russian Criminal Mechanism

首先回顾了俄罗斯历史上刑事辩护制度的变化，包括前沙皇时期和前苏联时期的刑事辩护制度，特别是对俄罗斯现行的刑事辩护机制进行了详细研究，并对俄罗斯刑事辩护制度进行了较为全面的评价。在俄罗斯刑事辩护制度的各种变化中，比较引人注目的表现在三个方面：其一，辩护人介入诉讼的时间提前，与国际通常做法接轨；其二，力图建立控辩双方平等对抗的诉讼机制；其三，辩护机制贯彻面临着诸多挑战，立法目标的实现尚需时日。考虑到前苏联刑事辩护制度曾对中国的影响，研究俄罗斯的刑事辩护制度变化对我国有关制度的变革有着重要意义。

The article first reviews the changes of the criminal denfense in the Russian history, induding that of the Tsar period and the Soviet Union. It then studies in detail and makes a comprehensive comment on the current criminal defense system in Russia. Of the changes, three are major. The first one is the earlier intervention of the defender and the connection with the international practice. The second is the establishment of the action mechanism that the prosecuting party and defending party have the equal rights in the confrontation. The last one is that it will take time to carry out the defense system thoroughly because of the challenges to face with. Given the effects of the defense system of the Soviet Union on that of China, studies of the changes of Russian criminal defense system is of great significance to the modification of the relevant system in China.