量子理论的诞生和发展——从量子论到量子力学

THE BIRTH AND GROWTH OF QUANTUM THEORYFROM QUANTUM HYPOTHESIS TO QUANTUM MECHANICS

简要叙述 ,从普朗克 190 0年首次对电磁波提出量子假设到狄拉克 192 8年对电子提出相对论性方程这段时间内 ,量子理论特别是量子力学诞生和发展的演化过程 .内容分黑体辐射和量子假设 ;老量子论的兴与衰 ;第一条通向量子力学的路———对应原理 ,包括矩阵力学 ,狄拉克的q -数 ;第二条通向量子力学的路———波粒二象性 ,波动力学 ;以及量子力学初步成长 (指 192 7年的表象理论、不确定关系、氦原子及氢分子和 192 8年的狄拉克相对性电子理论 )五个部分 .

This short history covers the birth and early growth of quantum theory from 1900 to 1928, beginning with Planck′s formula and the quantum hypothesis for the black-body radiation. After a description of the rise and decline of the old quantum theory in connection with its application in spectroscopy, two paths based on the rigorous formulation of the correspondence principle leading to matrix mechanics (1925) and Dirac′s non-commuting q-numbers (1925) are explained. Another path based on the generalization of the wave-particle aspect of lightquanta is then shown to lead to wave mechanics (1926). Among the works during the early growth of quantum mechanics in 1927—1928, representation theory, the uncertainty principle, two-electron problems, and Dirac′s relativistic theory of electrons are discussed.