从唐人眼中的盛唐看唐诗分期的客观标准

Criterion for Dividing the Periods of Tang Poetry According to the View of the Tang People About the Prime of Tang Dynasty

唐代文学的分期在唐诗研究中分歧最大 ,导致众说纷云的主要原因是没有确立一个相对客观的标准。本文认为“声律”和“风骨”是唐诗分期的客观因素。文章以唐诗选本和唐人评述为基点 ,通过分析“声律”、“风骨”在唐诗艺术和理论中的演变 ,认为初唐诗人所期待的“文质斌斌”的艺术内涵就是“声律风骨兼备” ,这一未能在初唐实现的诗歌理想在盛唐得到了实现 ,因而也构成了唐诗成熟和繁荣的标志。中晚唐诗歌在声律、风骨分化的前提下走向狭隘现实主义和追求声律格调的新形式主义 ,因而出现了元白扬杜抑李的偏激的诗教理论 ,导致了重格律轻风骨的单调的唐诗选。而对唐诗风格有过全面研究的司空图 ,则最早依据“文质斌斌”的理想提出了初、盛、中。

In the study of Tang poetry, the widest divergence of view prevails on the division of the periods of Tang as far as literature is concerned. The main cause leading to the various opinions is that there is no established criterion. In this article objective factors are used for dividing the literary periods of Tang. The article is based on the selected works of Tang poetry and the comments of the people of Tang. By analyzing “metrical pattern” and “vigour of style” in the poetic art of Tang and the poetic theory, the author thinks that the artistic connotation of the so_called “refined and courteous”,that had been expected by the poets of the early days of Tang Dynasty is the quality of “having both metrical pattern and vigour”, and this unfinished poetic ideal of the early stage of Tang got realized in the prime of Tang and hence became the sign of the maturity and prosperity of Tang poetry. The poetry of the mid_Tang and the late_Tang presupposed the division of rhythm and vigour of style which was on the way to the narrow realism and a new formalism that means to go exclusively after rhythm and literary style. Hence, there arose Yuan and Bai's poetry theory which spreadDu Fu while restrainedLi Bai and led to the monotonous selected works of Tang poetry which regarded rhythm superior to vigour of style. But Si Kong_tu, who had a comprehensive study on the style of Tang poetry, was the first person to put forward his idea of division of “the early, the prime, the middle and the late Tang” based on the ideal of “refined and courteous”.