现代生物技术在紫菜属中的应用

CURRENT BIOTECHNOLOGY IN PORPHYRA (RHODOPHYTA): A REVIEW

本文综述了近十年来国内外紫菜生物技术的发展与研究。在细胞生物学方面，介绍了紫菜原生质体制备、组织培养和细胞融合等技术，及其在新种质创建，工业苗种生产、单细胞活饵料开发和基因组操作等研究中的广泛应用。而细胞分光光度技术（MSP）和流式细胞技术（FCM）的加盟使得对紫菜细胞DNA的了解达到量化，快速分选细胞并实现对其生理代谢动态观测。在生物化学方法中，讨论了用同工酶电泳技术来评价紫菜群体遗传结构、鉴别种质和描述系统发育等研究，以及利用生化方法对糖类等其它化合物进行提纯与测定等工作。在分子生物学方面：总结了如何获得高纯度DNA，并将其应用于DNA分析研究， RFLP、RAPD和DNA-序列测定等分子标记技术所揭示的紫菜的多态性，以及利用DNA-指纹和消减DNA文库的技术来构建紫菜的质体基因图谱和cDNA文库，并进行紫菜比较基因组学的研究，此外还介绍了紫菜基因转移方面的工作。

The genus Porphyra (Rhodophyta) is a wide distributed seaweed all over the world. The developments of new biotechnology make the research bloom in this area. In this paper, the current studies on Porphyra with cytological, biochemical and molecular methods are reviewed. With regard to cytological research, the protoplasts, tissue culture and cell fusion, which give the hopeful light for breeding, seedling and genome manipulation, and the new techniques as microspetrophotometry (MSP) and flow cytometry (FCM) in DNA evaluation, cell sorting and dynamic supervising in Porphyra are introduced. In the aspects of biochemistry studies, isozyme or allozyme electroporesis which was used to evaluate the genetic diversity and structure of Porphyra populations, to identify the cultivars, and the biochemical methods applied in purifying and analysis of the polysaccharide and other compounds in Porphyra are discussed. In the area of molecular technology, the extraction of qualified Porphyra DNA to match the requirements for RFLP, RAPD and DNA-sequencing; the usage of molecular markers such as RAPD, RFLP and DNA-sequencing to evaluate the diversity in Porphyra; the use of DNA A-fingerprinting and districted DNA library technique to develop the genome map, cDNA bank and genome comparison. Finally the gene transformation in Porphyra is also presented.