水稻新株型创造与超高产育种(英文)

Creation of New Plant Type and Breeding Rice for Super High Yield

水稻单产水平在经历了矮化育种和杂种优势利用两次大的飞跃后 ,已有相当长一段时间停滞不前。第三次产量突破将产生于理想株型与优势利用相结合的超高产育种。研究结果表明 ,增加生物产量是获得超高产的物质基础 ,优化产量结构是实现超高产的先决条件 ,利用籼粳稻亚种间杂交或地理远缘杂交创造新株型和强优势 ,再通过复交或回交优化性状组配是选育超高产品种的有效途径。根据这一理论与方法 ,中国北方已经创造出新株型优异种质 ,并育成了直立大穗型超高产粳稻新品种 ,在北方寒地稻作生态区产量已达到 12～ 13t· ha-1。这些品种的最大特点是直立或半直立大穗型 ,生物产量高。从光合作用与物质生产角度看 。

After experiencing two major breakthroughs one, through breeding for dwarfness and the other, through use of hybrid heterosis rice yield level has stagnated for a long time. The third breakthrough in yield should come from breeding for super high yield, to be realized by combining the use of an ideal plant type and the use of growth vigor. Research findings have shown that increasing the biological yield is the material basis, whereas optimizing yield components is the precondition for attaining such a goal. The findings have also indicated that the effective way to develop super high yielding varieties is to create a plant type and harness the mighty vigor through crossing indica with japonica subspecies, or crossing geographically distant varieties. This two advantages are then consolidated through optimizing the combination of desirable traits via multiple crossing or backcrossing. Based on this theory and method, germplasms with new plant type and super high yielding japonica varieties have been developed in northern China. And grain yield has registered 12 13 t·ha -1 . The most distinctive feature of the varieties is their erect heavy panicle and substantial biomass production. Judging from the perspectives of photosynthetic efficiency and biomass production, such an erect panicle type could be another phenomenal change in adjusting the japonica rice plant type to meet the maximum yield requirement.